Linguistics Flashcards
What is phonetics?
study of production of sounds
morpheme
smallest unit of meaning
morphology
how morphemes combine to make words
syntax
how words construct and combine into phrases and sentences
semantics
The study of meaning in language
voiced sounds
when vocal cord vibrate to produce sound b, z, v
voiceless-
sound made without vbibrating vocal cords- P, B
dipthong
when a vowel blends into another vowel -ou
consonant clusters
when consonants blend to create sounds
epenthesis
when learners try to prounounce all letters in a word. Puh-lace for place
metathesis
when sounds are rearranged in word from spelling iron is pronounced iern
elision
sounds emitted from pronunciation for native English speaker Mac n cheese not mac AND cheese
vowel reduction
reducing a vowel sound- an unstressed vowel in English
schwa
when a vowel makes a short u sound
balloon
problem
family
bottom
support
analysis
morphology
word forms and component parts
morpheme
smallest unit of meaning
free morpheme
can stand alone and has meaning- stem or root
bound morpheme
needs to be connected to another morpheme- can’t stand alone - affixes- prefixes and suffixes
connotation
emotional association (hard for ELLS)
denotation
dictionary definition
negative transfer
when language learners incorrectly apply rules of native language into current language they’re learning
interference
mistake made based on native language
ex. I have 15 years vs. I am 15 years old.
pragmatics
meaning in context- extends beyond semantics (seems to involve pragmatics to me)
world englishes
many dialects of english around the world
linguistic competence
knowlege of linguistic components- morphology, syntax, phonetics, semantics
sociolinguistic competence
using language in a socially appropriate way-
includes register- notice degrees of formality, setting, context etc.
discourse competence
piecing together units of language into letters, speeches, convos and articles
strategic competence-
recognize and repaire breakdowns in communication through strategic planning
BICS-
Basic interpersonal communication skills
CALP
cognitive academic language proficiency
relative pronoun
who which that whose whom
interrogative pronouns
who, whome what where when which why how?
demonstrative pronouns
This that these those
indefinite pronouns
anyone, each, many some, everyone, something, someone, neither, no one
helping verbs
accompany verbs abd tellwhen somethign happened-
ex is am, are was were beign been has had have, does did should could would
transitive verbs
need DO
I lay, raise, set (need DO)
intransitive verbs
don’t require a direct object
correlative conjunctions
whether/or either/or neigher/nor both/and not only/but also
subordinating conjunctions
join dependent cluases to independent clauses they’re related to-
after, as soon as, before since, until, when, while, as if though, because
determiners
used before nouns- a, an the
count nouns
nouns that have plural form
noncount nouns
nouns that don’t have plural-
money greed furniture
gerund
adding -ing to make something a noun
ex. fishing, cooking, eating
simple present tense
no helping/ auxiliary verbs. one independent clause
simple past
haappened in past- add -ed
irregular past
Mona saw, They ate- not an -ed verb
simple future
we will meet, Tyrone will graduate- add “will” to make future tense
present perfect
events in past at unspecified time. things that becane in past and ocnitnue to present. uses have/has and past participle verb.
we have traveled
Ahmed has been to school.
past perfect
talk about 1 event in the past before another event in the past
future perfect
something in future that will be completed by a certain time before another event will have happened
participial phrase
a phrase that serves as an adjective
ex. Enjoying the summer day, Dave went to the park.
infinitive phrase
starts with “to” followed by simple form of verb
apposative phrase
a noun that renames group of words that preceeds it,
ex. My dad, a clock maker, fixed the clock.
simple sentence
1 independent clause
compound sentence
2 or more ind clauses linked by a coordinating conjunction
complex sentences
one ind clause linked to a dependent clause with a subordinating conjunction
compound/ complex sentence
2 or more ind clauses and one or more dependent clauses
