Language Learning and Acquisition Flashcards
What are the 4 stages in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor Birth -2
Preoperational 2-7
Concrete operational 7-11
formal operational 11- adulthood
What happens in the sensorimotor stage? (Piaget)
physical interacitons- trying and testing. Language is a physical skill- making sounds with mouth. imitation and mimicking
what happens in the preoperational stage? (Piaget)
use of symbols to make meaning
speech- thinking outloud. egocentric- no consideration of other view points
concrete operational stage - what happens? 7-11 (Piaget)
logical and organized methods and reasoning
inductive reasoning
recognizing others opinions
NOT abstract thought. just concrete ideas.
what happens during the formal operational stage? (Piaget)
logical use of symbols and their relationship to abstract concepts
inductive and deductive reasoning
multiple purposes for language in this stage
What is connectionism?
evolved in response to Piaget’s work- language comprehension and production developthrough continual engagement with language.
Behaviorist Theory
repeated eposure to stimuli can create learning. the more frequently you’re exposed, the quicker it becomes habit.
What is Krashen’s monitor model and what are his 5 hypotheses?
there is no fundamental difference in teh way humans learn 1st vs. 2nd language.
What is Krashen’s acquisition learning hypothesis?
learning doesn’t allow learners to create output. only acquisition allows learners to develop language effectively
What is Krashen’s input hypothesis?
language just slightly above a student’s grasp allows them to use current knowledge while gaining exposure to new content.
What is Krashen’s monitor hypothesis?
Knowledge gained in formal settings can be helpful in certain settings, but don’t spend too much time monitoring your own mistakes
What is Krashen’s natural order hypothesis?
Langauge is attained in similar order for all language learners
What is Krashen’s affective filter hypothesis?
One’s attitue and their confidence affects their ability to learn language
What is chomsky’s universal grammar?
Children are born with the ability to understand human voice and distinguish between language. they are NOT blank slaves, and have capacity to acquire create and comprehend language given the experiences to build language skills.
What are the stages of language acquisition?
pre-speech
babbling stage
one word stage
two word stage
early multiword stage/ telegraphic stage
later multiword stage
What is transfer?
applying knowledge of your first language onto learning a second language (it can be postive or negative)
positive transfer
using cognates (comprender, comprehend) and other similarities to better understand a new language
negative transfer
when students incorrectly apply rules from native language to learning English. I have 12 years vs. I am 12 years old
code-switching
switching back and forth between languages to find the words that are most familiar to use Where is the “bano”?
What are the stages of second language acquisition?
silent period- unwilling/ unable to communicate
interlanguage -learner’s present understanding of language they’re learning blends the first and second language. overgeneralize rule sin language
morpheme acquisition order- pattern in the knowledge of morpheme elements and how they’re gained as people aquire knowledge (OUTDATED)
what are teh 5 stages of second language acquisition?
Preproduction- silent period
early production stage- 1,000 word active and receptive vocabulary 2-3 word prhases. can respond to questions. like games and songs
speech emergence-3,000 words. chunk words and phrases into sentences. gain confidence in conversation
intermediate fluency 6,000 words- speak in complex sentences, correct own errors, ask clarifying questions etc.
advanced fluency- near native fluency
What are some techniques for instructing ELLS?
Language modeling- model speaking effectively
target- give a specific skill to work on through practice
comprehensible input- give students new info in context of old info to learn alongside things they already know
scaffolding- provide supports to access content that would otherwise be out of reach
What is literacy?
reading, writing, thinking, speaking and understanding
phonemes
smallest units of sound in a word.
Belt 4 phonemes b-e-l-t
what are graphemes?
single letters or groups of letters that produce a sound.
wr and r make same sound but are difference graphemes.
What are various approaches to language development?
whole language- communication is primary goal. language considered in whole vs. its parts and rules
vs.
phonics- skill based approach. specific skills targeted and practiced each day.
What are the stages of literacy development?
emergent literacy- listning helps make meanings of sounds, identify words, sounds, and patterns
early stage- use of multiple strategies to predict and understand words. use visual cuses
transitional phase- read independently, decode, give oral summaries of what they’re reading
fluency stage- fluently, read, write speak
