LINGALA APWH UNIT 6 Flashcards
Social Darwinism 6.1
Def: An adapted version of a theory crafted by Charles Darwin, and states that evolution stems from natural selection, the survival of the fittest. The weak die out and the strong survive and procreate. This adapted version depicts that white people are the strongest and therefore biologically superior. They use the power and might of Europe and the USA to reinforce their claims.
LO: This ideology that became so popular was often used as Europe’s justification as to their right to imperialize. The idea that whites were superior and therefore should spread their knowledge in order to “help” and “civilize” other races was the main push for imperialism. It was the perfect cover as the true goal was wealth, commerce, and a monopoly on goods but this theory was one that most white people in the era believed in strongly.
Belgian Congo 6.2
Def: The Belgian colony of the Congo, which is in central Africa, by King Leopold II of Belgium. Instead of being conquered by another nation, Leopold took personal ownership of this state and had full control over its people, he fully abused this power and brutally exploited the people of this state. The people were forced to harvest and work for the economical wealth of Leopold, and their loved ones were mauled if they could not meet the task. Millions of people died in horrid conditions thanks to Leopold before Belgium took control of the colony and took him out of power.
LO: The shift that Africa faced from their typical rule to one fully under Europe’s control was drastic in this time period. As the Scramble for Africa went under way paired with the ideology of Social Darwinism many states such as this one suffered from fair rule to corrupted takeovers.
Berlin Conference 6.2
Def: A conference meeting of European powers in order to peacefully break up and take over Africa without fighting in Europe. This conference was brought up by Otto von Bismarck who had no interest in colonizing, only wanting to keep peace amongst Europe. No African ambassadors or emissaries were present in this meeting, thus the borders of the new European ordered colonies were in disarray. This was due to long existing societies being split apart and old rivals being shoved into new colonies, this left Africa in a chaotic mess.
LO: This meeting was a turning point in Africa’s governance, destroying the traditions that ruled over Africa and implementing the wishes that best suited Europe’s desires. Europe’s use of military might and new technological advancements put them in the perfect position to take over and pull apart Africa for the economic and political interests of European power house nations.
Settler Colonies 6.2
Def: Colonies in which settlers and immigrants from powerful countries (that were typically of imperialistic nature). They took over land and resources owned by native/indigenous people and booted them out by using the political might of their home nations. These settlers mostly came from European powers that were already imperializing during this time.
LO: Since the industrial revolution putting Europe at the forefront of the world in resources and military strength, not to mention the new nationalism Europeans wore as skin even settlers took the opportunity to claim what they felt belonged to them. Nations were already staking their claims and so their people only reinforced that power by doing the same.
Suez Canal 6.2
Def: A canal that connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea. This canal was famous for the fact that it could save an entire round trip of Africa and connect the continent with Europe. A French company managed the creation of the Suez Canal but it was built by the hands of unpaid Egyptian workers, who worked on this project as a means of taxation. This project was dangerous and so many died.
LO: This canal which was a connecting point to, two continents and made trade and travel easier in between was managed by a powerful European nation. However, despite this the creation of the canal was by the hands of exploited Egyptian workers, this speaks to the roles of power that was in Egypt during this time. France had enough control over the area to make thousands of workers create this canal with no pay.
Boxer Rebellion 6.3
Def: An Anti-westerner rebellion that sought to take out westerners and their beliefs in China, the group was called the Boxers. The Empress Dowager Cixi supported this group heavily and encouraged their actions. The group killed mass amounts of foreigners and Chinese Christians alike. The rebellion led to the death of about 100,250 Chinese Christians and foreigners. They gained much power and were thought to take back China, but suffered a major loss in Beijing by the hands of the British military.
LO: This rebellion was a representation of the Chinese people’s mistrust and hatred of the westerners/British forces in their country. This added with the Opium Wars leaving China in a major crisis leaving them open to be taken over by European powers. With the known differences in opinions on foreigners between the Emperor Dowager and the Emperor and the rise of Chinese Christians much of the country was in disarray.
Creation of Zulu Kingdom 6.3
Def: The Zulu kingdom’s first great ruler that really created the known kingdom was Shaka. He created a fighting technique that put his people ahead of the neighboring lands. Therefore with his growing military might he rapidly expanded his lands and formed the Zululands. He was assassinated and his half brother Dingane took over the throne. Dingane fought with the Dutch Boers and British to maintain his lands and did so for a time. Later on Cetshwayo took over and built back the Zulu army, he also fought back against the British and brutally lost and the kingdom was turned into British colonies. This led to the eventual decline of the Zulu people.
LO: The clash of the militarily inclined Zulu people and the British were constant throughout Britain’s reign in Africa. The internal shifts of power did lead to some instability in the midst of imperialism, but the Zulu held their footing against the British till the very end.
Indian Rebellion of 1857 6.3
Def: A sepoy started rebellion in India. This rebellions’ catalyst was due to the new rifle cartridges that were deployed to the sepoys, these cartridges were greased in cow and pig fat. Using something covered in these specific animal’s fat went against the mostly Muslim or Hindu sepoys. They were so distraught by this experience that it led to this uprising which spread through a lot of Northern India.
LO: The exterior pressure of the British mixed in with the mistreatment of the Indian Sepoys led to the eventual bout of rebellions and revolts in order to reclaim India. India was controlled by the British but many of Britain’s military might in India came from the sepoys they play a huge role in the control Britain has in India. Their rebellion helped pave the way for Indian nationalism and allowed it to try to push back against the British.
Tupac Amaru ll’s Rebellion in Peru 6.3
Def: The last descendant of the former Incan ruler, Tupac Amaru ll formed the last general rebellion against Spain in Peru. He did this by arresting and executing a Spanish colonial officer for cruelty against the indigenous people of Peru. This led to several revolts across Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina before Spain squashed the rebellion and took Amaru and his family into custody. Tupac Amaru ll and his family were then brutally executed by Spain.
LO: The uprising of the people’s anger and strong leadership led to the construction of new rebellions to push back against imperialism. However, Spain and other European powers’ military might push back and squashing these rebellions is there push back.
Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement 6.3
Def: The spiritual rebellion of the Xhosa people against the British. The Xhosa peoples’ cattle were catching diseases and dying (most likely from the British). Therefore the Xhosa killed their cattle by the thousands and destroyed their crops to rid them and their lands of the British. This protest led to no such luck and resulted in famine and deaths of thousands of Xhosa.
LO: The effect of imperialism on such states left many trying their best to fight back in whatever ways they can. Some were not as successful but their message held true and was powerful.
Export Economy 6.4
Def: The form of economy that many colonies of European imperialism adopted. They sent out tons of raw materials which were then turned into manufactured goods and processed items. This was a way to boost the economy of several European powers and was another big reason for European imperialism. These countries focused on finding nations with the appropriate climates to provide the materials they needed.
LO: The economy of much of Europe increased greatly from not only the exploitation of their own countries bountiful goods but the ones of the countries they colonized. This paired with the little to no money they paid indigenous workers, Europe maintained their wealth despite the sheer amount of work needed to run this sort of economy.
Economic Imperialism 6.5
Def: A form of imperialism in which another country has a lot of economic power and influence over another. It is less direct but takes a full monopoly on the goods and wealth providers of a nation. All resources are taken advantage of to the max; people, goods, and refined materials. The most common forms of this in this era were in India and China.
LO: The main boost that fueled many of these European nations was the full control and access they had to ones they colonized and took over. This allowed for the money to be poured out and flood Europe’s economy. The huge loss and weakness that the countries that were exploited was tragic and huge. The entire global economic balance was completely thrown off.
Opium Wars 6.5
Def: The result of the British selling the highly addictive and dangerous drug of opium in China. Once China learned its effects the country banned the use of it in their nation resulting in the British fighting back. This resulted in several brutal battles resulting in Britain as the victor, and forcing China to sign the Treaty of Nanking. This resulted in China allowing trade with other foreign bodies and paying damage fees. This then resulted in many other foreign power carving out spheres of influence in China and taking full control over their resources and wealth.
LO: These wars left China in an extremely weak state and made it fully dependent on Britain in all regards, they couldn’t even quell their own rebellions without British interference. However, this boosted the economies of the foreign bodies occupying China, as they took full command over China’s bountiful resources and people.
Chinese and Indian Indentured Servitude 6.6
Def: A form of substitution for Slavery. Many of these Asian workers were pushed into his servitude and forced to harvest and work in plantations. They did this in exchange for shelter, food, or transportation. Asian Indentured Servants in particular had an especially difficult time as they dealt with prejudice and racism as well as awful wages. The media in this time particularly tore apart Asian nations and resulted in many forms of racism for the people of these countries.
LO: Due to needing money and needing job opportunities many people turned into indentured servitude to leave and make money in other places. This was the only way to travel for some as they cannot afford the means to travel. Although it sometimes meant spending years away from home in unfavorable conditions many people opted for it while a lot were coerced.
Migrant Workers 6.6
Def: Workers who traveled seasonally to work in foreign countries temporarily or sometimes permanently. Some countries even made agreements for a batch of workers to travel at a certain time of year to work and come back home (Japan&Hawaii). This was a fairly common practice with the newly invented and innovated modes of transportation that were prevalent in this era.
LO: Due to the newly formed lines of communication and transportation many people took advantage of migration of people became a lot more popular. This increased economical wealth when workers traveled in and assisted when needed.
