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Limnology > Limnology Introduction > Flashcards

Limnology Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

This is the study of inland waters and their many different aspects

A

Limnology

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2
Q

What are four examples of continental waters that are studied in limnology?

A

Lakes, rivers, wetlands, streams

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3
Q

What are three types of features of continental waters that are studied in limnology?

A

Biological, chemical and physical features

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4
Q

Who is considered the father of modern limnology as well as the father of modern ecology?

A

G. E. Hutchinson

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5
Q

What are six fields to which G. E. Hutchinson was important?

A

Limnology, biogeochemistry, paleoecology, radioecology, systems ecology, and population ecology

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6
Q

G. E. Hutchinson raised the idea of this 30 years before the problem became “popular”

A

Climate change

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7
Q

G. E. Hutchinson wrote this four volume set that mixed the biology, chemistry, and geology of lakes - the most extensive literature on limnology ever published

A

Treatise of Limnology

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8
Q

What percentage of the Earth is covered in water?

A

71%

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9
Q

What percentage of Earth’s water exists as ocean water?

A

96.5%

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10
Q

What percentage of Earth’s water is freshwater?

A

2.5%

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11
Q

What percentage of freshwater is groundwater or ice?

A

99%

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12
Q

What percentage of freshwater is available for most human consumption and use?

A

<1%

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13
Q

What percentage of Earth’s total water is usable by humans and the biosphere?

A

.0003%

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14
Q

What are six common types of uses of water?

A

Industrial; agricultural; power generation; domestic; recreation; environmental

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15
Q

What is the maximum range of water available in rivers per year?

A

22,000-35,000 cubic km per year

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16
Q

What fraction of water that flows through the hydrologic cycle is available either spatially or temporally?

A

1/3

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17
Q

Water can be lost temporally in populated areas due to these events

A

Floods

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18
Q

Water can be lost spatially due to this

A

Greater distance from human population center

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19
Q

These are when water is diverted/withdrawn from a surface or groundwater source

A

Withdrawals

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20
Q

What are three common sources of water withdrawals?

A

Rivers/streams; Aquifers; Desalination

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21
Q

What are two concerns with water withdrawal from rivers and streams?

A

Impacts on water quality and aquatic organisms

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22
Q

What are two concerns with water withdrawal from aquifers?

A

Extremely long regeneration times and fast withdrawal rates that exceed speed of replenishment

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23
Q

What are three concerns with desalination?

A

Expensive; Difficult to maintain; Excess salt problem

24
Q

This exists between capita water use among countries

A

Disparity

25
Q

Increases in this lead to greater water demands

A

Standard of living

26
Q

What are three examples of necessary water uses in the U.S.?

A

Drinking, cooking, agriculture

27
Q

What are three examples of luxury water uses in the U.S.?

A

Washing cars, watering lawns, swimming pools

28
Q

What percentage of water do humans withdraw from geographically/temporally available runoff?

A

54%

29
Q

What would happen if everyone on Earth used as much water as the U.S. average?

A

All accessible water would be used - including all water produced by the hydrologic cycle

30
Q

What is a global example of a problem caused by water scarcity?

A

Political instability

31
Q

What are six examples of direct use values of aquatic ecosystems?

A

Fish; Agriculture; Fuel wood; Recreation; Transport; Wildlife

32
Q

What are six examples of indirect use values of aquatic ecosystems?

A

Nutrient retention; Flood control; Storm protection; Groundwater recharge; External ecosystem support; Microclimate

33
Q

What was the monetary value of river and lake systems in 2007?

A

$2.4 trillion/year

34
Q

What was the monetary value of fisheries in 2007?

A

$112 billion/year

35
Q

What are 9 possible threats to aquatic ecosystems?

A

Sediments; Herbicide/pesticide; Runoff; Nonpoint pollution; Mine drainage; Acid rain; Fracking; Urbanization; Damming

36
Q

Few rivers and streams are this

A

Pristine

37
Q

What percentage of rivers in the U.S. are not affected by dams?

A

2%

38
Q

What percentage of total U.S. stream miles are under reservoirs?

A

18%

39
Q

Decimation of this species has significantly altered channel dynamics

A

Beaver

40
Q

Loss of this type of animals has allowed high impact grazing in riparian zones

A

Large predators

41
Q

What is the main reason why managing freshwater is so difficult?

A

Reconciling the needs of humans with the needs of aquatic ecosystems

42
Q

What are four things needed to be able to successfully manage freshwater systems?

A

Good science; Good management; Protection/conservation; Restoration

43
Q

The foundation of water quality programs in the U.S. is based on this act

A

Clean Water Act

44
Q

These define the water quality goals for a body of water

A

Water quality standards

45
Q

What are water quality standards dependent on?

A

Designated use

46
Q

What are four examples of actions that are regulated by water quality standards and designated use?

A
  1. Reporting of water quality conditions/status; 2. Developing limits on certain water quality parameters; 3. Requiring permits for point source pollution; 4. Setting targets for Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL)
47
Q

What is point source pollution?

A

Pollution that comes from a specific source that is easily identifiable

48
Q

What are three examples of point source pollution?

A
  1. Animal waste runoff from farms; 2. Emission from plants; 3. Pipes/channels that dump into streams
49
Q

What is non-point source pollution?

A

Pollution that comes from several locations

50
Q

What are three examples of non-point source pollution?

A

Agricultural runoff; industrial runoff; Urban runoff

51
Q

Which is harder to manage, point source or non-point source pollution?

A

Non-point source pollution

52
Q

These are numeric values/narrative statements that represent a level of water quality to support a particular use

A

Water quality criteria

53
Q

What are two bases of water quality criteria for states and tribes?

A

Specific water body use and sound science

54
Q

This is a state list of impaired/threatened water

A

303d list

55
Q

How often are states required to update their 303d lists?

A

Every two years

56
Q

What are five things that a 303d list must identify?

A
  1. Impairment cause; 2. Site priority; 3. Pollution severity; 4. Water use; 5. Restoration plan

Limnology (12 decks)

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