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Limnology > Groundwater > Flashcards

Groundwater Flashcards

1
Q

This is a major source of water, major component of the hydrologic cycle, and is mostly hidden from view

A

Groundwater

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2
Q

What percent of the world’s water is groundwater?

A

0.6%

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3
Q

What percent of the world’s freshwater is groundwater?

A

12%

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4
Q

What are two sources of groundwater?

A
  1. Precipitation that infiltrates the ground; 2. Surface water that infiltrates or is connected to water table
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5
Q

How many major aquifers are in Oklahoma?

A

23

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6
Q

80% of groundwater withdrawals are for this

A

Irrigation

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7
Q

How many groundwater permits are there?

A

> 9,500

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8
Q

What are six things that influence infiltration?

A
  1. Climate; 2. Slope; 3. Soil/rock type; 4. Vegetation; 5. Land use; 6. Degree of saturation
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9
Q

This is the percentage of a material’s total volume that is pore space

A

Porosity

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10
Q

What is the equation for porosity?

A

Porosity = pore volume/total volume x 100

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11
Q

What are two ways water can get through bedrock?

A
  1. Bedrock fractures; 2. Slightly acidic water dissolves other substances
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12
Q

What are two particle qualities that affect porosity?

A

Shape and sorting

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13
Q

Porosity is highest when these are equal in size

A

Sediment clasts

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14
Q

Which has higher porosity: well-sorted or poorly-sorted sediment?

A

Well-sorted

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15
Q

What particle shape results in higher porosity: rounded or angular?

A

Rounded particles

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16
Q

Does porosity depend on particle size?

A

No

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17
Q

This is a material’s ability to allow fluids to pass through

A

Permeability

18
Q

What are three factors that affect permeability?

A
  1. Porosity; 2. Pore size; 3. Pore interconnection
19
Q

This is a permeable layer beneath the surface that transports groundwater easily

A

Aquifer

20
Q

This is an impermeable layer that prevents groundwater movement

A

Aquiclude/aquitard

21
Q

What materials are aquifers typically composed of?

A

Well-sorted and well-rounded sands and gravels

22
Q

What materials are aquicludes/aquitards typically composed of?

A

Shales and clays

23
Q

What are the two types of aquifer?

A

Confined and unconfined

24
Q

This type of aquifer is completely filled with water under pressure and is separated from the surface by an impermeable layer (aquitard)

A

Confined aquifer

25
Q

Are confined aquifers recharged slowly or rapidly?

A

Slowly recharged

26
Q

This type of aquifer has a water table and is only partly filled with water

A

Unconfined aquifer

27
Q

Are unconfined aquifers recharged slowly or rapidly?

A

Rapidly recharged

28
Q

Water infiltrates the ground through this sediment zone, where pore space is mostly filled with air

A

Zone of aeration

29
Q

This is the boundary between the zone of aeration and saturation where water can seep upwards through capillary action

A

Capillary fringe

30
Q

Water collects in this sediment zone, where all available pore space is filled with water

A

Zone of saturation

31
Q

This can become dissolved in groundwater from the atmosphere to make it acidic

A

Carbon dioxide

32
Q

When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, it forms this acid

A

Carbonic acid

33
Q

This is a common sedimentary rock composed of calcite (CaCO3) that is easily dissolved in carbonic acid

A

Limestone

34
Q

This topography forms where limestone bedrock dissolves both at the surface and in underlying cave networks

A

Karst topography

35
Q

These form where groundwater seeps through pores and cracks and reaches soluble materials like limestone

A

Caves

36
Q

These are surface streams that flow underground into caves

A

Disappearing streams

37
Q

What are four ways groundwater has been over-exploited/contaminated?

A
  1. Lowering the water table (cones of depression); 2. Saltwater intrusion; 3. Land subsidence; 4. Groundwater pollution
38
Q

This occurs when groundwater use exceeds the amount of recharge in an aquifer

A

Groundwater overdraft

39
Q

This occurs when overuse of wells depletes groundwater and lowers the water table in the vicinity

A

Cone of depression

40
Q

This occurs mostly in coastal communities when excessive pumping draws saltwater into wells

A

Saltwater intrusion

41
Q

This occurs when groundwater removal causes poorly consolidated sediments to become compacted

A

Land subsidence

Limnology (12 decks)

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