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Limnology > Aquatic Organisms > Flashcards

Aquatic Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

These organisms are typically free floating

A

Plankton

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2
Q

These are free-floating algae

A

Phytoplankton

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3
Q

These are free-floating animals

A

Zooplankton

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4
Q

These are not true plankton, but are suspended benthic organisms

A

Tychoplankton

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5
Q

These are phytoplankton that exist within macrophyte communities

A

Metaphyton

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6
Q

These are free-swimming organisms

A

Nekton

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7
Q

Can some organisms transition between planktonic and nektonic life stages?

A

Yes

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8
Q

These are organisms adapted to the air-water interface

A

Pleuston

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9
Q

This is the microscopic component of pleuston

A

Neuston

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10
Q

These are neuston that are on top of the water surface

A

Epineuston

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11
Q

These are neuston that live below the water’s surface

A

Hyponeuston

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12
Q

These organisms are adapted to the bottom of a body of water

A

Benthic organisms

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13
Q

These are organisms that live on benthic substrate

A

Periphyton

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14
Q

Do freshwater algae have vascular systems?

A

No

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15
Q

Do freshwater algae often lack chloroplasts?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Do freshwater algae have true leaves, roots, or stems?

A

No

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17
Q

Do freshwater algae come in a variety of shapes and sizes?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Do some freshwater algae have flagella?

A

Yes

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19
Q

Are freshwater algae the major primary producers in aquatic systems?

A

Yes

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20
Q

These are excellent competitors for light because they have pigments that absorb green light in deeper waters

A

Cyanobacteria

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21
Q

What is another name for cyanobacteria?

A

Blue-green algae

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22
Q

What do cyanobacteria have to protect them from herbivory?

A

Mucilaginous coating

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23
Q

What do cyanobacteria have that act as buoyancy devices?

A

Gas vesicles

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24
Q

How thick can cyanobacteria blooms be?

A

1 m

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25
Q

How many cyanobacteria species can produce toxins?

A

40

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26
Q

What are the three major types of distributions of cyanobacteria?

A

Euphotic, photic, and specific depth

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27
Q

These cyanobacteria use gas vesicles to stay afloat

A

Euphotic cyanobacteria

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28
Q

These cyanobacteria migrate to different levels depending on time of day

A

Photic cyanobacteria

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29
Q

Photic cyanobacteria display this kind of movement

A

Diel movement

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30
Q

What region of the water body do cyanobacteria that remain at a specific depth stay?

A

Between epilimnion and metalimnion

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31
Q

This is an algal bloom that happens in the metalimnion

A

Metalimnetic bloom

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32
Q

What color are microcystis blooms?

A

Pea-soup green

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33
Q

When do microcystis blooms typically occur?

A

During hot, calm weather in mid- to late-summer

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34
Q

Microcystis have a large number of defined spherical cells held together with this

A

Mucilage

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35
Q

Are microcystis colonies free floating?

A

Yes

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36
Q

Are microcystis filamentous?

A

No

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37
Q

Are microcystis planktonic?

A

Yes

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38
Q

Does spirulina form large algal blooms?

A

No

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39
Q

Does spirulina produce toxins?

A

No

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40
Q

Does spirulina form loose colonies?

A

Yes

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41
Q

Where and when is spirulina typically found?

A

In standing bodies of water during late spring to fall

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42
Q

What is the appearance of spirulina?

A

Coiled thread of cells

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43
Q

This cyanobacteria is commonly marketed by health food producers

A

Spirulina

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44
Q

Does oscillatoria have branches?

A

No

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45
Q

Does oscillatoria have heterocysts?

A

No

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46
Q

Does oscillatoria have a mucilaginous sheath?

A

No

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47
Q

In what type of water does oscillatoria primarily bloom?

A

Less productive water

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48
Q

Is oscillatoria often free-floating?

A

Yes

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49
Q

When seen alive under a microscope, these cyanobacteria have an oscillating motion

A

Oscillatoria

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50
Q

These cyanobacteria form chains of round, barrel shaped cells with defined heterocysts

A

Anabaena

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51
Q

Is anabaena filamentous?

A

Yes

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52
Q

Does anabaena form large thick colonies?

A

No

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53
Q

In what type of water is anabaena found?

A

Phosphorus-rich water

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54
Q

What color is water that is rich in anabaena?

A

Pea-soup, but darker blue than microcystis

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55
Q

This cyanobacteria is one of the most easily recognized in the world

A

Nostoc

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56
Q

This cyanobacteria forms quarter-sized dark/yellow-green jelly mats/balls

A

Nostoc

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57
Q

At what time of year is nostoc found floating in lakes?

A

Mid-summer to fall

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58
Q

Is nostoc normally found in large numbers?

A

No

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59
Q

Does nostoc prefer to form colonies?

A

Yes

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60
Q

What shape are nostoc cells?

A

Bead-like

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61
Q

Do nostoc colonies have heterocysts?

A

Yes

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62
Q

Does nostoc have a mucilaginous sheath?

A

Yes

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63
Q

What shape are individual aphanizomenon cells?

A

Elongated and slightly tapered

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64
Q

This cyanobacteria forms thread-like shapes that join together to form colonies resembling chopped grass

A

Aphanizomenon

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65
Q

These cause aphanizomenon colonies to appear black

A

Gas vesicles

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66
Q

Are some aphanizomenon capable of producing neurotoxin?

A

Yes

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67
Q

This is the outer bivalved wall that protects diatoms

A

Frustule

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68
Q

What substance are diatom frustules made of?

A

Silica

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69
Q

At what time of the year are diatoms important primary producers in lakes?

A

Spring

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70
Q

What is diatom taxonomy based on?

A

Shape

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71
Q

This diatom order is spherical

A

Order Centrales

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72
Q

This diatom order is elongated

A

Order Pennales

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73
Q

What is the major limiting factor for diatoms?

A

Silicon

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74
Q

These are unicellular flagellated protists

A

Dinoflagellates

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75
Q

What two types of chlorophyll do dinoflagellates produce?

A

Chlorophyll A and C

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76
Q

What color are dinoflagellates?

A

Brown/red-brown

77
Q

Dinoflagellates contain this molecule that stains black with iodine

A

Starch

78
Q

Dinoflagellates cause these events in marine ecosystems

A

Red tides

79
Q

What gives dinoflagellates their characteristic shapes?

A

Complex 3d covering

80
Q

How many flagella do motile dinoflagellates have?

A

2

81
Q

How are dinoflagellates’ two flagella arranged?

A

One flagellum wrapped around body, one trailing free

82
Q

These primary producers contain chlorophyll A and B, reflecting green light

A

Green algae

83
Q

Are green algaes eukaryotic?

A

Yes

84
Q

Do green algaes have chloroplasts?

A

Yes

85
Q

Can green algaes fix nitrogen?

A

No

86
Q

Do green algaes have heterocysts?

A

No

87
Q

These algae are usually unicellular protists with 1, 2, or 3 flagella

A

Euglenoids

88
Q

Do euglenoids have an outer covering of cellulose/silica?

A

No

89
Q

Do euglenoids contain chloroplasts?

A

Yes

90
Q

Are euglenoids more complex than green algae?

A

Yes

91
Q

How many membranes do euglenoids have around their chloroplasts?

A

3

92
Q

How many membranes do green algae have around their chloroplasts?

A

2

93
Q

Euglenoids contain this starch-like substance that does not stain black with iodine

A

Paramylum

94
Q

Can euglenoids be both autotrophic and heterotrophic?

A

Yes

95
Q

Euglenoids are more abundant in this type of water

A

Eutrophic

96
Q

Are euglenoids common in streams/rivers?

A

No

97
Q

These algae are red due to special pigment

A

Red algae

98
Q

Does the color of red algae vary with depth?

A

Yes

99
Q

Are red algae mostly freshwater or saltwater?

A

Saltwater

100
Q

How long have red algae existed?

A

Over 2 billion years

101
Q

Red algae love this type of water

A

Tropical water

102
Q

These algae are brown due to special pigment and are adapted to cling to substrate

A

Brown algae

103
Q

Are brown algae mostly freshwater or saltwater?

A

Saltwater

104
Q

These are the largest brown algae

A

Kelps

105
Q

How long can kelps grow?

A

30m

106
Q

What are six advantages of sampling periphyton?

A
  1. Rapid reproduction/short life cycle; 2. Directly affected by physical/chemical factors; 3. Easy/cheap sampling; 4. Minimal impact on biota; 5. Standardized evaluation methods; 6. Pollutants in periphyton affect higher trophic levels
107
Q

These are sometimes mistaken for algal blooms

A

Macroscopic plants

108
Q

What are five common characteristics of macroscopic aquatic plants?

A
  1. Small size; 2. Round/spherical shape; 3. Floating; 4. Small roots, if any; 5. Green color
109
Q

What are three examples of macroscopic aquatic plants?

A

Duckweeds, watermeal, water ferns

110
Q

Clear, but red, brown, or tea-tinted water is indication of these

A

Tannins

111
Q

The breakdown of these releases tannins into the water

A

Leaves

112
Q

Do tannins separate out from standing water?

A

No

113
Q

This substance is often mistaken for oil

A

Natural iron

114
Q

Where does natural iron normally come from?

A

Groundwater

115
Q

Natural iron can cause water to turn this color if bacteria are present

A

Orange

116
Q

What should one do to determine if a shiny spot on the water surface is iron or oil?

A

Poke it with a stick

117
Q

If shiny residue on the water surface is poked with a stick and breaks apart, what is its cause?

A

Iron precipitates

118
Q

If shiny residue on the water surface is poked with a stick and does not break apart, what is its cause?

A

Oil

119
Q

These are a common sight in streams rich with iron

A

Frothy orange scums

120
Q

Iron bacteria oxidize iron into this substance

A

Iron oxide

121
Q

What does iron in the water indicate?

A

That the water is probably fed by groundwater

122
Q

These are long, filamentous iron bacteria enclosed in a stiff sheet

A

Sphaerotilus

123
Q

What are two things that suds/foam in the water can indicate?

A

Normal suds or pollution

124
Q

This type of suds/foam are usually colored, occur in several locations, and often disappear quickly

A

Normal suds

125
Q

This type of suds/foam is usually white and fragrant, accumulates near the source, and does not disappear in slow-moving waters

A

Pollution

126
Q

This makes water appear yellow-green and looks like dust floating on the surface

A

Pollen

127
Q

These are invertebrates that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye and live in aquatic ecosystems

A

Macroinvertebrates

128
Q

Are invertebrates a biological grouping?

A

No

129
Q

These categorize stream consumers according to their mode of feeding rather than their taxonomy

A

Functional feeding groups

130
Q

What are the five functional feeding groups?

A
  1. Scrapers; 2. Shredders; 3. Collectors; 4. Predators; 5. Piercers
131
Q

On what do scraper macroinvertebrates feed?

A

Biofilm/algae

132
Q

On what do shredder macroinvertebrates feed?

A

CPOM

133
Q

On what do collector macroinvertebrates feed?

A

CPOM

134
Q

On what do predator macroinvertebrates feed?

A

Other invertebrates

135
Q

On what do piercer macroinvertebrates feed?

A

Macrophyte juices

136
Q

What are two concerns with the functional feeding group classification system?

A

Feeding groups cross over taxonomic boundaries and can change with an organism’s life history

137
Q

What are two factors that can change functional feeding groups?

A

Season and stream size

138
Q

What are the two typical life cycles of macroinvertebrates?

A
  1. Egg -> immature -> aquatic mature form; 2. Egg -> immature -> terrestrial mature form
139
Q

Many common species of this type of macroinvertebrate life cycle have small numbers of offspring and provide extended parental care

A

Aquatic mature macroinvertebrates

140
Q

What are four factors that affect macroinvertebrate drifting?

A
  1. Time of day; 2. Season; 3. Presence/abundance of predators; 4. Life stage
141
Q

This aquatic insect order contains alderflies and dobsonflies

A

Megaloptera

142
Q

This aquatic insect order contains dragonflies and damselflies

A

Odonata

143
Q

This aquatic insect order contains true bugs

A

Hemiptera

144
Q

This aquatic insect order contains mayflies

A

Ephemeroptera

145
Q

This aquatic insect order contains stoneflies

A

Plecoptera

146
Q

This aquatic insect order contains caddisflies

A

Trichoptera

147
Q

This aquatic insect order contains beetles

A

Coleoptera

148
Q

This aquatic insect order contains flies

A

Diptera

149
Q

This aquatic insect order is small in terms of diversity but large in terms of size

A

Megaloptera

150
Q

Megaloptera larvae are usually this functional feeding group

A

Predators

151
Q

Are Megaloptera usually found in shallow or deep waters?

A

Shallow waters

152
Q

What are four distinguishing characteristics of megalopterans?

A
  1. 7-8 lateral abdominal filaments; 2. Simple/branched abdominal gills; 3. No wing pads; 4. Usually filament/anal claw at tip of abdomen
153
Q

Odonata larvae are this functional feeding group

A

Predators

154
Q

What type of waters do Odonata larvae prefer?

A

Standing/sluggish water

155
Q

What are four distinguishing characteristics of Odonata larvae?

A
  1. Extendible jaw; 2. Large, complex eyes; 3. Long, thin abdomen; 4. Structure at end of abdomen
156
Q

Most of this order are not aquatic, but are usually found at the surface/edge of the water

A

Hemiptera

157
Q

These are highly modified in hemipterans

A

Legs

158
Q

What are three distinguishing characteristics of hemipteran larvae?

A
  1. With/without external wing pads; 2. Piercing, sucking jointed beak; 3. Hard, leathery anterior wing half, membranous, veined posterior wing half
159
Q

What two functional feeding groups can ephemeropterans be?

A

Collectors and scrapers

160
Q

Ephemeropterans are specialists in these habitats

A

Microhabitats

161
Q

What are five distinguishing characteristics of ephemeropteran nymphs?

A
  1. Usually flat-bodied; 2. External wing pads; 3. 3, sometimes 2 cerci at abdomen tip; 4. Abdominal gills; 5. 1 tarsal claw
162
Q

How many times may plecopterans molt?

A

Up to 36 times

163
Q

What two functional feeding groups can plecopterans be?

A

Predators or shredders

164
Q

Plecopterans require high amounts of this

A

Oxygen

165
Q

What are four distinguishing characteristics of plecopteran nymphs?

A
  1. External wing pads; 2. 2 (never 3) filamentous appendages at tip of abdomen; 3. Thoracic gills often present (gills on abdomen never past segment 3); 4. 2 tarsal claws
166
Q

This is the largest order of entirely aquatic insects

A

Trichoptera

167
Q

Trichopterans are related to these two insect groups

A

Butterflies and moths

168
Q

What three functional feeding groups can trichopterans be?

A

Shredders, scrapers, collectors

169
Q

What are six distinguishing characteristics of trichopteran larvae?

A
  1. No external wing pads; 2. Often make elaborate cases; 3. 2 hooks at end of abdomen (anal claws); 4. 1-segmented, inconspicuous antennae; 5. Sclerotized meso- and metathorax; 6. Branched ventral abdominal gills
170
Q

This is the largest aquatic insect order in terms of diversity

A

Coleoptera

171
Q

Coleopterans have this type of breathing system

A

Closed breathing system

172
Q

What are four distinguishing characteristics of coleopterans?

A
  1. Sometimes hard head; 2. No wing pads; 3. 3 pairs of segmented legs; 4. Usually lack abdominal features (never have gills)
173
Q

This is the largest aquatic insect order in terms of abundance

A

Diptera

174
Q

What are three general characteristics of Diptera larvae?

A
  1. Maggot/worm-like shape; 2. Anal breathing; 3. Poorly developed
175
Q

What are three distinguishing characteristics of Diptera larvae?

A
  1. No external wing pads; 2. No jointed legs (may have prolegs); 3. With/without sclerotized head
176
Q

These aquatic invertebrates are omnivorous crustaceans that are an important food source for fish

A

Scuds

177
Q

What are three distinguishing characteristics of scuds?

A
  1. 7 leg pairs; 2. 4 antennae; 3. Laterally flattened
178
Q

These are scavenging, somewhat tolerant aquatic crustaceans

A

Sowbugs

179
Q

What are three distinguishing characteristics of sowbugs?

A
  1. 7 leg pairs; 2. Flattened shape; 3. Two large antennae
180
Q

These snails have an operculum and usually open to the right

A

Gilled snails

181
Q

These snails lack an operculum and usually open to the left

A

Pouch/pond snail

182
Q

These snails have no operculum and open in the plane of their spiralled shells

A

Other snails

183
Q

What are four distinguishing characteristics of crayfish?

A
  1. 10 legs (2 large pinchers); 2. Many antennae; 3. Hard, chitinous body; 4. Large size
184
Q

Crayfish belong to what order?

A

Decapoda

185
Q

What are three characteristics of bivalves?

A
  1. Two shells; 2. Benthic/sediment burrowers; 3. Important filter feeders
186
Q

Leeches belong to what order?

A

Hirudinea

187
Q

What are four characteristics of leeches?

A
  1. Flattened, elongated body; 2. Not all suck blood; 3. Good swimmers; 4. Very pollution tolerant
188
Q

This order contains freshwater worms

A

Oligochaeta

189
Q
A

Limnology (12 decks)

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