Limestone and Edinburgh Flashcards
Limestone pavement formation
Limestone - layered rock made up of vertical joints and horizontal bedding planes, exposed by ice glaciers scraping soil away. Permeable - water passes through so it can dissolve.
EXPLAIN CARBONATION
Over time carbonation continues which leaves blocks called clints which are separated by grykes which forms a limestone pavement.
Swallow hole formation
- Limestone permeable so swallow holes can be formed
- Streams & rainwater run along joints & bedding planes
- carbonation (EXPLAIN CARBONATION) occurs
- continued carbonation widens joints to form a swallow hole - water disappears down it
Carbonation
Rainwater absorbs CO2 when falling forming weak carbonic acid
Limestone permeable so rainwater runs through it
Limestone alkali as contains calcium carbonate so is dissolved by acid in water
Intermittent drainage formation
Streams flow over limestone and disappear down swallow hole. Travels along joints and bedding planes until it reaches impermeable water table. Travels along water table until eventually reappears at spring. After heavy rain, water table could rise which causes underground stream to flow above ground. Not always there so called intermittent drainage.
Cave formation
Limestone permeable so water seeps in and flows through joints and bedding planes. Caves formed when water enters limestone through swallow hole and goes underground. Water flows along joints & bedding planes dissolving limestone .EXPLAIN CARBONATION. Carbonation continues dissolving limestone until it reaches impermeable rock. A cave is formed.
Stalactites formation
Limestone permeable, water seeps in and flows through joints & bedding planes in the rock. Caves formed when water goes underground through swallow hole and dissolves rock. The water that drips into cave contains calcium carbonate from carbonation. Water drips very slowly allowing evaporation to occur - this gets rid of water and leaves behind calcium carbonate which is deposited on roof as drip stone. This is continued and the deposited calcium carbonated grows downwards to form stalactites.
Stalagmites formation
Limestone permeable, water seeps in and flows through joints & bedding planes in the rock. Caves formed when water goes underground through swallow hole and dissolves rock. The water that drips into cave contains calcium carbonate from carbonation. Some water drips onto floor of cave - evaporates leaving behind calcium carbonate, slowly deposits more from dripping water and grows upwards forming a stalagmite
Pillar formation
Stalagmites and stalactites grow until they meet to form a pillar. ( EXPLAIN FORMATION OF STALACTITE)
What are four land uses in limestone areas
Tourism
Farming
Quarrying
Military training
2 things which mean it can’t be an arable farm and has to be a hill sheep farm on slope
Steep slopes mean machines can’t move
Poor weather and soil means that crops can’t be grown
Why are hill sheep farms good for slopes - 4 advantages sheep have
Wooly coat keeps sheep warm in hilly moors and cold temperatures up on the hills
Small legs mean they have low centre of gravity which stops them falling over on steep slopes
Strong hooves mean they can move about easily on rocky terrain
Sheep are low maintenance and can survive on poor grass on moors (only eat grass and don’t need equipment up hills due to being low maintenance)
2 things attracting tourists in Yorkshire (land uses)
Sport - cycling like tour de Yorkshire and hillwalking (3 peaks challenge) and pot holing (gaping gill)
Beauty and scenery - Malham cove (limestone pavement) and underground caves (hyleborough)
What are 2 reasons people do quarrying (land use)
Easy to shape due to its joints and bedding planes
In demand as used for cement and on roads
3 reasons why military training is a good land use in Yorkshire
Middle of nowhere so not disturbing others or being disturbed
Large, cold area so prepares physical endurance
Close to Catterick base
4 land use zones
CBD
Inner city
Suburbs
Rural Urban Fringe
7 things found in CBD and explanations
Large roads - easy access and will be very busy with lots of traffic
Grid iron streets so it’s easy to navigate
Historic things as they were built first
Lack of space - desirable land ( many people go after that land )- compete with other businesses and tourists here
Route centre as a lot of roads lead into centre
Train/bus station as shops and businesses are there - easy access and it eases traffic congestion
Tourist attractions as most people are there and its the main part
7 things in inner city and explanations
Churches as more people living there means more religious people
Schools for workers children to go to
Pubs (Ph) for workers to go to
Tightly packed tenements as there are lots of workers in small space
Narrow streets coz people walked everywhere and there were no cars
Train lines, canals, ports to deliver and take away from factories (factories found in this area with workers)
Lack of space as it’s near CBD so desirable
6 things in suburbs and explanations
More open space as it’s further away from CBD and newer area
Golf courses - things to do for residents and lots of open space
Larger houses/gardens as land is cheaper
Major routes as people drive everywhere - further from CBD so would have to drive in and more land and open space to go around
Train stations for residents to get to work
Curl de sac for kids safety
7 rural urban fringe characteristics
Transport links Rural Out of town retail like the gyle Open space Farms Bigger houses Major roads
What are the 6 location factors when looking at advantages and disadvantages
Cost - cheaper land on outskirts
Labour - workers, visitors (nearby?)
Access - roads for visitors and deliveries
Relief - flat land easier to build on
Environment - noise, pollution, visual, air, woodlands, lakes, farms nearby
Space - for expansion, car parks and enough space to build?
6 changes in Edinburgh CBD
Introduction to tramlines - ease traffic congestion as less cars, easier to access places like the airport
Tourist attractions like dynamic earth renovated - attract more tourists, more appealing
Close streets - safer for shoppers so more appealing to go shopping, reduce traffic congestion as less cars in CBD
New indoor shopping centres built (St James centre) - more appealing shopping environment as can shop in bad weather and selection of shops together in one place
Loss of jobs in CBD - shops relocated to outskirts where land is cheaper and room for expansion ( Edinburgh park)
Cinema and restaurant facility (omnicentre) - provide entertainment & eating facilities to attract more people to CBD
6 changes in Leith
Royal Yacht Britannia docked permanently as tourist attraction to attract tourists and make Leith nicer
Ocean terminals - entertainment, job opportunities and nice shopping environment for locals and tourists
Leith docks made more 21st century port with re-cobbled paths and trees planted - make leith nicer looking
transportation links improved access to CBD - bus and tram easy for commuting and tourists
Old warehouses/empty factories been converted into flats and shops - more modern standards - nicer looking
Water of Leith walkway cleaned up and public walkway opened - residents go on walks and looks nicer
6 land use conflicts
Dropped litter ruins beauty of area and makes it ugly, animals could also choke on it
Increase in vehicles causes air and noise pollution and blocks roads which makes it hard for locals to get anywhere
Blasting of rock causes noise pollution for locals living in area
When quarries are finished with they can leave a permanent scar on the landscape
Creation of quarries can cause wildlife’s habitats to be destroyed
Hill walkers can sometimes leave gates open which can cause sheep to escape and be killed
6 land use solutions
Litter makes area ugly - remove litter bins as overflows and will encourage people to take litter home
Eroded footpaths - surface bury paths and built steps up to Malham cove
Walkers leaving gates open so sheep escape - spring loaded gates shut automatically
Blasting causes noise pollution - restricted times and informing residents of blasting times
Quarries spoil landscapes and beauty of area - national park authorities can insist on quarries being covered by trees
Demand for parking results in cars parking on grass verges (blocking roads) - open up fields for car parking which can earn farmers money
