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Geography > Brazil > Flashcards

Brazil Flashcards

1
Q

What is population distribution

A

How people are spread out over an area

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2
Q

What is population density

A

The number of people living in each square km

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3
Q

Densely populated

A

Crowded areas

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4
Q

Sparsely populated

A

Areas with few people living there

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5
Q

Name 5 ways you could describe population distribution

A 
Referring to areas of country
Using directions N E S W
Referring to people per sq km
Referring to physical features 
Referring to large cities
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6
Q

Name 5 ways you can describe population distribution in Brazil

A
  • The NW is sparsely populated (rainforest)
  • The SE is densely populated (favelas and cities)
  • Coastal areas more populated than inland areas (less dangerous animals, better weather)
  • amazon rainforest has less than 1 person per sq km
  • ‘golden triangle’ is area of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and belo Horizonte. Has over 50 people per sq km
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7
Q

Why is the amazon rainforest sparsely populated

A

Too hot, wet and unhealthy
Dense forests make travel difficult
Poor soils, difficult to farm

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8
Q

Why is central Brazil sparsely populated

A

Unreliable rainfall
Poor thin soils, difficult to farm
Poor transport
Little government aid

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9
Q

Why is north-east Brazil sparsely populated

A 
Too hot and dry
Unreliable rainfall-drought 
Poor thin soils
Few raw materials
Lack of government help
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10
Q

Why is north east coast Brazil densely populated

A 
Closest to Portugal for early trade
Good natural harbours 
Reliable rainfall 
Fertile soils
Good farming conditions
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11
Q

Why is south east Brazil densely populated

A 
Pleasant climate 
Warm with reliable rainfall 
Rich, fertile soils for farming 
Raw materials and energy supplies
Good transport network 
Ideal for industry 
Government help given
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12
Q

What does urbanisation mean

A

The increase in proportion of the worlds population who live in cities

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13
Q

Why are cities in developing countries growing rapidly

A

Because of the large number of people who migrate from the countryside

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14
Q

What is migration

A

The movement of people e.g. rural to urban areas

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15
Q

Name 7 push factors that would make people want to migrate

A 
Few services
Lack of job opportunities 
Unhappy life
Poor transport links
Natural disasters
Wars
Shortage of food
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16
Q

Name 7 pull factors that would make people want to migrate

A 
Access to services
Better job opportunities 
More entertainment facilities
Better transport links 
Improved living conditions
Hope for a better way of life 
Family links
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17
Q

In Brazil why might people want to move to the golden triangle-pull factors

A

Good climate, fertile soils for farming which provides jobs and allowing trade to develop. Industrial jobs like steel and car making, generating wealth from exporting, tourism developed from amazing beaches

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18
Q

Why might people in Brazil leave the countryside-push factors

A

Drought, poor soils and hot and wet-difficult to grow crops, dense forest makes it unaccessible, native Indians pushed of land form deforestation, lack of government investment-poorer transport and infrastructure (roads), limited job opportunities

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19
Q

What are 7 things to remember when describing a climate graph

A 
Maximum temperature and month
Minimum temperature and month 
Range of temperature 
Wether temperatures are high or low
Total annual rainfall (all added up)
Wether high or low total 
Comment on distribution of rainfall over the year (e.g. lots of rainfall in winter but not summer )
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20
Q

What continent is Brazil in

A

South America

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21
Q

Does Brazil go along the equator

A

Yes

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22
Q

What large area of forest is in Brazil

A

The amazon basin/amazon rainforest/Amazonia

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23
Q

What are the 4 main layers of the rainforest

A

Emergent
Canopy
Understory
Forest floor

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24
Q

What are buttress roots and what do they do

A

Big roots that support big trees

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25
Q

Why is it hard to grow plants in the rainforest

A

The canopy blocks the sunlight and it’s too moist

26
Q

What can shifting cultivation lead to

A

Unfertile soils and soil erosion

27
Q

What is shifting cultivation

A

A method usually used by tribes where an area of trees are burnt and the ashes are mixed with the soil to grow crops and then after the soil becomes unfertile but eventually regenerates And is less damaging to the environment

28
Q

Name 7 reasons why people destruct the rainforest

A 
Trees for wood- furniture making etc.
Clearing for farmers from cities 
Grazing land for cattle
Using trees for fuel like charcoal 
Flooding valleys for hep schemes
More roads and railways 
Clearing for mining for minerals like iron ore or gold
29
Q

Why is grazing land for cattle bad

A

Soil becomes unfertile quickly so new areas are instantly being cleared

30
Q

What are HEP schemes

A

Schemes that use water to generate electricity without needing water storage

31
Q

How does deforestation effect the climate

A

Co2 increases as fewer trees to take in gas (less oxygen)

Greenhouse effect-co2 traps heat from earth and becomes warmer

32
Q

How does deforestation effect wildlife

A

Plants for valuable medicines die out
Homes of thousands of species disappear
Species can become extinct as animal either moves away or dies

33
Q

How does deforestation effect local people

A

People make living from rainforest-hunting, cooking and building
Lose whole way of life
Native Indians moved into reservations against their wishes
Outsiders give disease to Indians who aren’t immune

34
Q

How does deforestation effect soil

A

With no leaves or roots the soil become very poor
With no tree roots, the top soil is washed away by heavy rain
Soil too thin and poor for crops to grow well

35
Q

How does the rainforest help Brazil

A

Increase jobs, money, buildings, facilities

36
Q

Name 5 ways to sustain the rainforest with

A 
Protected areas 
Sustainable logging
Harvesting forest products 
Argo-forestry 
Eco-tourism
37
Q

What is protected areas

A

44 percent of amazon is protected with nature reserves, national parks etc.

38
Q

What is sustainable logging

A

Trees that are only cut when mature so younger trees can survive and trees are flown down river instead of making roads

39
Q

What products do we harvest from the rainforest

A

Brazil nuts, rubber, vanilla pods, spices, plants with medicinal value

40
Q

What is Argo-forestry

A

Growing trees in combination with crops, the trees shelter the crops and provide nutrients from decomposing plant matter

41
Q

What is eco-tourism

A

Tourism that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of the local people

42
Q

What is a favela

A

A small cramped town made of shacks on the outskirts of a Brazilian city

43
Q

Name 6 problems with Favelas in Brazil

A 
Overcrowding
Employment
Housing
Crime
Sanitation and health 
Steep hillsides
44
Q

Why is employment a problem in favelas

A

Most people work in informal sector e.g. drivers, maids. poorly paid, irregular work with no benefits

45
Q

What is a problem with housing in favelas

A

Built with basic materials, 12 percent have no running water, 30 percent have no sewage connection and 30 percent no electricity. Some people try and make illegal connection to pylons which can start fires

46
Q

Why are steep hillsides a problem with favelas

A

Difficult for building roads and houses, everything like rubbish has to be carried in and out, landslides can occur after heavy rainfall wiping out houses

47
Q

Why is sanitation and health a problem in favelas

A

Lack of running water and proper sanitation results in contaminated water giving off diseases like cholera

48
Q

Why is Crime a problem with favelas

A

Many are controlled by criminal gangs involved with drugs and gun crime, police are reluctant to enter

49
Q

Why is overcrowding a problem in favelas

A

20 of rios population live in favelas, 150000 people in one of the main favelas Rocinha, city authorities cannot keep pace with the supplying of homes, jobs and services such as hospitals and schools

50
Q

What are 4 ways that people have solved some of the problems in favelas

A

Removal
Site and services schemes
Self-help schemes
Mortar Carioca (Rio living )

51
Q

What is Morar Carioca

A

a programme where Rio are trying to urbanise all favela communities. This involves pacifying police units and improving housing and infrastructure

52
Q

What are two things they do for the morar carioca programme

A

Pacifying police units

Improving housing and infrastructure

53
Q

What is pacifying police units

A

Permanent community police within favelas making it safer for residents and businesses

54
Q

What did they do to improve housing and infrastructure

A

Got 40 local architects to redesign housing areas and new amenities provided

55
Q

What is a problem with the Morar Carioca programme

A

People think it’s just a makeover for the Olympics, some residents forcibly evicted and housing is improved but job creation is more difficult

56
Q

What are self help schemes

A

Favelas Improved by the residents and the authorities provide the materials.

57
Q

What was a problem with self help schemes

A

Improvements were restricted by steep hillside and high density of housing

58
Q

What is removal

A

During 1950s/60s favelas in central Rio we’re cleared and residents were forced to new housing on the outskirts

59
Q

What happened with the removal development

A

Unsuccessful, residents moved back

60
Q

What is the site and services scheme

A

Where authorities took control of building, in 1990s a project set aside 200 million pounds to improve 60 favelas. New brick homes with amenities and local services were built.

61
Q

What was the problem with site and services schemes

A

Rent had to be paid and poor people couldn’t afford it

Geography (10 decks)

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