Limbs Part 3 Flashcards
What are the regions of the lower limb (4)?
- Gluteal region
- Buttock / Hip
- Free lower limb
- Thigh
- Leg
- Foot
What are the regions of the lower limb homologous to?
-
Regions of the upper limb
- Buttock / Hip - Pectoral girdle
- Thigh - Arm
- Leg - Forearm
- Hand - Foot
- Thumb - Hallux
Why is the homology of the lower and upper limb relevant?
-
Actions at homologous joints have the opposite orientation
- Flexion at the elbow joint is an anterior movement
- Flexion at the knee joint is a posterior movement
Why do the actions at homologous joints of the upper and lower limb have the opposite orientation?
-
Twisting of the lower limb during development:
-
Permanent pronation (internal rotation) at the upper-thigh level makes the terminology in the lower limb confusing
- Flexors become posterior
- Extensors become anterior
-
Permanent pronation (internal rotation) at the upper-thigh level makes the terminology in the lower limb confusing
What are the bones of the lower limb?
* Gluteal region (3 + 3)
* Free lower limb
* Thigh (2)
* Leg (2)
* Foot (3)
- Gluteal region
- Buttock / Hip
- Innominate / Pelvic Bone
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
- Sacrum
- Free lower limb
- Thigh
- Femur
- Patella
- Leg
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Foot
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
- Thigh
Name the bone. What three bones fuse together to make the hip bone? (Shown in a clockwise fashion)
- Hip bone
- Ilium
- Pubis
- Ischium
Name the pink part of the ilium.
Body of ileum
Name the pink part of the ilium.
Ala of ilium
Name the pink surface of the ilium.
Iliac fossa
Name the surface of the ilium.
Auricular surface of the ilium
Articulates with the sacrum to form the sacro-iliac joint
Name the pink surface of the ilium.
Iliac crest
Name the green landmark of the ilium.
Posterior superior iliac spine
Where the iliac crest ends
Name the green landmark of the ilium.
Anterior superior iliac spine
Where the iliac crest ends
Name the pink surface of the pubis.
Superior pubic ramus
Name the pink surface of the pubis.
Body of the pubis
Name the pink surface of the pubis.
Inferior pubic ramus
Name the pink surface of the pubis.
Pubic crest
Name the green landmark of the pubis.
Pubic tubercule
Name the pink surface of the pubis.
Pecten of the pubis
Name the green ligament.
Pubic symphysis
Holds together the two hip bones
How does the hip bone of a teenager differ from a fully grown adult?
- In a typical 13 year-old, the three parts of the hip bone are not fused.
- Separated by cartilage forming the Triradiate Cartilage.
- Fusion begins ~15 years, may not complete until early twenties.
Name the structure.
The sacrum and the coccyx
Name structure 1.
Articular processes, for the fifth lumbar vertebra
Name structure 2.
Sacral promontory
Name structure 3.
Pelvic sacral foramina, for the anterior rami of the spinal nerves S1 - S4
Name structure 4.
Ala (wing) of the sacrum
Name the structure.
The sacrum and the coccyx
Name structure 1.
Dorsal sacral foramina, for the posterior rami of the spinal nerves S1 - S4
Name structure 2.
Sacral hiatus
Name structure 3.
Auricular surface, attaches with the upper part of the innominate bone to form the pelvis.
What is the joint between the sacrum and the innominate bones called?
Sacro-iliac joints
Name the bone.
Femur
Where does the femur articulate?
- Proximally to the hip bone by the hip joint
- Distally to the tibia by the medial & lateral femorotibial joint
- Distally to the patella by the patellofemoral joint
Why does the long axis of shaft of the femur is tilted?
- This arrangement is important for efficient standing and walking for bipeds
Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Head of the femur (Sits is the acetabulum of the pelvis)
Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Neck of the femur
Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Body of the femur
Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Greater trochanter
Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Lesser trochanter
Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Lateral condyle
Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Medial condyle
Name the pink part of the femur.
Intercondylar fossa
Name the pink surface of the femur.
Linea aspera (Important for muscle attachments)
Name the pink surface of the femur.
Intertrochanteric line
Name the pink surface of the femur.
Gluteal tuberosity
Name the pink surface of the femur.
Medial supracondylar rides
Name the pink surface of the femur.
Lateral supracondylar rides
Name the green landmark.
Fovea of the head of the femur
Name the green landmark.
Lateral epicondyle
Name the green landmark.
Medial epicondyle
Name the green bone.
Patella
Where do the tibia & fibula articulate?
- Tibia:
- Proximally to the femur by the medial & lateral femorotibial joint
- Laterally to the fibula at the superior & inferior tibiofibular joints
- Distally to the talus
- Fibula:
- Laterally to the fibula at the superior & inferior tibiofibular joints
- Distally to the talus
Name the pink part of the leg (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Proximal end of the tibia
Name the pink part of the leg (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Head of fibula
Name the pink part of the leg (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Shaft of tibia
Name the pink part of the leg (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Shaft of fibula
Name the pink part of the leg (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Medial malleolus
Name the pink part of the leg (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Lateral malleolus
Name the pink surface of the tibia.
Anterior intercondylar area
Name the green landmark.
Apex of the head of the fibula
Name the green landmark.
Tibial tuberosity
Name the green landmark.
Lateral & medial condyle
Name the green landmark.
Lateral & medial intercondylar tubercules of intercondylar eminence
Name the connective tissue.
Interosseous membrane
What are the possible movements of the foot (4)?
What bones make up the foot (7)?
- Tarsals
- Calcaneus
- Talus
- Cuboid
- Navicular
- Cuneiforms (1 - 3)
- Metatarsals (1 - 5)
- Phalanges (1 - 5)
The bones of the foot form arches. Name these arches.
- Transverse arch
- Medial longitudinal arch
- Lateral longitudinal arch
What are the lower limb joints (8)?
-
Sacro-iliac joint (Sacrum - Ilium)
- Synovial joint, but limited mobility
-
Pubic symphysis (Pubis - Pubis)
- Fibrocartilaginous joint
-
Hip joint (Head of the femur - Acetabulum of the pelvis)
- Ball-and-socket synovial joint
- Knee joints:
-
Patello-femoral joint (Patella - Femur)
- Gliding synovial joint
-
Knee joint (Femur - Tibia)
- Synovial hinge joint
-
Patello-femoral joint (Patella - Femur)
-
Proximal tibiofibular joint (Tibia - Fibula)
- Plane synovial joint
-
Distal tibiofibular joint (Tibia - Fibula)
- Fibrous joint
-
Ankle joint (Tibia & Fibula - Talus)
- Synovial hinge joint
-
Numerous joints within, and between, the groups of foot bones
- Mainly synovial joints
What are the movements of the hip joint (6)?
- Flexion
- Extension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Lateral (external) rotation
- Medial (internal) rotation
What ligaments stabilise the hip joint (5)?
- Ligament of the head of femur
- Transverse acetabular ligament
- Ilio-femoral ligament
- Pubo-femoral ligament
- Ischio-femoral ligament
What are the movements of the knee joint (2)?
- Extension
- Flexion
What ligaments stabilise the knee joint (4)?
- Anterior cruciate (crossed) ligaments
- Posterior cruciate (crossed) ligaments
- Medial collateral ligaments
- Lateral collateral ligaments
What is the clinical significance of the knee bursa?
- One of the common sides of arthritis
- Inflammation of the bursa (bursitis) is very painful
- Largest joint in the body
What are the movements of the ankle joint (4)?
- Dorsiflexion (extension)
- Plantarflexion (flexion)
- Inversion
- Eversion
What ligaments stabilise the ankle joint (4)?
- Medial (deltoid) ligament
- Lateral ligaments (Commonly stretched and torn in sprains)
- Anterior talofibular ligaments
- Posterior talofibular ligaments
- Calcaneofibular ligament
What are the different compartment of the muscular anatomy of the upper limb?
* Trunk (2)
* Thigh (3)
* Leg (3)
* Foot (1)
- Trunk:
- Gluteal muscles (hip extensors / hip abductors / lateral rotators)
- Hip flexors (Pelvis/abdomen)
- Thigh:
- Anterior thigh muscles (knee extensors)
- Medial thigh muscles (thigh adductors)
- Posterior thigh muscles (knee flexors)
- Leg:
- Anterior leg muscles (dorsiflexors)
- Lateral leg muscles (foot everters)
- Posterior leg muscles (plantarflexors)
- Foot:
- Intrinsic foot muscles
Why are the muscles separated in compartments (4)?
- Compartments tend to have a distinct function
- Compartments tend to have the same nerve supply
- Compartments tend to have the same blood supply
- Compartments tend to be separated by connective tissue septae (walls)
What muscles make up the gluteal muscles?
* Superficial Gluteal Muscles (4)
* Deep Gluteal Muscles (4)
- Superficial Gluteal Muscles
- Gluteus maximus
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus
- Tensor fasciae latae
- Deep Gluteal Muscles
- Piriformis
- Obturator internus
- Gemelli (superior & inferior)
- Quadratus femoris
What is the action of the gluteal muscles (3)?
- Abduct the thigh at the hip joint
- Flex & extent the thigh at the hip joint
- Medially & laterally rotate the thigh at the hip joint
What muscles make up the hip flexor muscles (5)?
- Psoas major
- Psoas minor
- Iliacus
- Iliopsoas (Formed by the fusion of psoas major & iliacus)
- Pectineus
What is the action of the hip flexor muscles?
Flex the thigh at the hip joint
What muscles make up the anterior thigh muscles (8)?
- Psoas minor
- Iliopsoas (Formed by the fusion of psoas major & iliacus)
- Quadriceps femoris (superficial to proximal)
- Rectus femoris
- Vastus medialis
- Vastus laterelus
- Vastus intermedius
- Sartorius
- Articularis genus
What is the action of the anterior thigh muscles?
- Flex the thigh at the hip joint
- Extend the leg at the knee joint
What muscles make up the medial thigh muscles (6)?
- Pectineus
- Adductor magnus
- Adductor longus
- Adductor brevis
- Gracilis
- Obturator externus
What is the action of the medial thigh muscles?
Adduct the thigh at the hip joint
What muscles make up the posterior thigh muscles (4)?
- Long head of the biceps femoris
- Short head of the biceps femoris
- Semitendinosus
- Semimembranosus
What is the action of the posterior thigh muscles (2)?
- Extend the thigh at the hip joint
- Flex the leg at the knee joint
What muscles make up the anterior leg muscles (4)?
- Tibialis anterior
- Extensor hallucis longus
- Extensor digitorum longus
- Fibularis tertius
What is the action of the anterior leg muscles (3)?
- Dorsiflex the foot at the ankle joint
- Extend the toes at their metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints
- Invert the foot at the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints
What muscles make up the lateral leg muscles (2)?
- Fibularis longus
- Fibularis brevis
What is the action of the lateral leg muscles?
Evert the foot at the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints
What muscles make up the posterior leg muscles?
* Superficial part of the posterior leg muscles (4)
* Deep part of the posterior leg muscles (4)
- Superficial part of the posterior leg muscles:
- Triceps surae
- Lateral head of gastrocnemius
- Medial head of gastrocnemius
- Soleus
- Plantaris
- Triceps surae
- Deep part of the posterior leg muscles:
- Tibialis posterior
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Flexor hallucis longus
- Popliteus
What is the action of the posterior leg muscles (3)?
- Plantarflex the foot at the ankle joint
- Flex the toes at their metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints
- Invert the foot at the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints
What muscles make up the foot muscles?
* Plantar part of the foot (superficial to deep) (4)
* Dorsum part of the foot (2)
- Plantar part of the foot (superficial to deep):
- First layer of muscles of plantar part of the foot
- Second layer of muscles of plantar part of the foot
- Third layer of muscles of plantar part of the foot
- Fourth layer of muscles of plantar part of the foot
- Dorsum part of the foot:
- Extensor digitorum brevis
- Extensor hallucis brevis
What is the action of the foot muscles?
Fine motor movement of the foot
At the knee joint, which ligament prevents the femoral condyles from sliding backwards on the tibial plateau?
Anterior cruciate ligament
Where is the femoral attachment of iliopsoas muscle?
Lesser trochanter
Which ligament is most commonly damaged in forced inversion of the talus at the ankle joint (sprained ankle)?
Anterior talofibular ligament
Which hamstring muscle is not attached proximally to the ischial tuberosity?
Biceps femoris short head
The pair of sesamoid bones found at the plantar aspect of the first metatarsal phalangeal joint of the foot protect which muscle’s tendon from being compressed?
Flexor hallucis longus
