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Phase 1b - Anatomy > Limbs Part 3 > Flashcards

Limbs Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the regions of the lower limb (4)?

A
  • Gluteal region
    • Buttock / Hip
  • Free lower limb
    • Thigh
    • Leg
    • Foot
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2
Q

What are the regions of the lower limb homologous to?

A
  • Regions of the upper limb
    • Buttock / Hip - Pectoral girdle
    • Thigh - Arm
    • Leg - Forearm
    • Hand - Foot
    • Thumb - Hallux
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3
Q

Why is the homology of the lower and upper limb relevant?

A
  • Actions at homologous joints have the opposite orientation
    • Flexion at the elbow joint is an anterior movement
    • Flexion at the knee joint is a posterior movement
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4
Q

Why do the actions at homologous joints of the upper and lower limb have the opposite orientation?

A
  • Twisting of the lower limb during development:
    • Permanent pronation (internal rotation) at the upper-thigh level makes the terminology in the lower limb confusing
      • Flexors become posterior
      • Extensors become anterior
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5
Q

What are the bones of the lower limb?
* Gluteal region (3 + 3)
* Free lower limb
* Thigh (2)
* Leg (2)
* Foot (3)

A
  • Gluteal region
    • Buttock / Hip
    • Innominate / Pelvic Bone
      • Ilium
      • Ischium
      • Pubis
    • Sacrum
  • Free lower limb
    • Thigh
      • Femur
      • Patella
    • Leg
      • Tibia
      • Fibula
    • Foot
      • Tarsals
      • Metatarsals
      • Phalanges
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6
Q

Name the bone. What three bones fuse together to make the hip bone? (Shown in a clockwise fashion)

A
  • Hip bone
    • Ilium
    • Pubis
    • Ischium
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7
Q

Name the pink part of the ilium.

A

Body of ileum

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8
Q

Name the pink part of the ilium.

A

Ala of ilium

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9
Q

Name the pink surface of the ilium.

A

Iliac fossa

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10
Q

Name the surface of the ilium.

A

Auricular surface of the ilium

Articulates with the sacrum to form the sacro-iliac joint

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11
Q

Name the pink surface of the ilium.

A

Iliac crest

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12
Q

Name the green landmark of the ilium.

A

Posterior superior iliac spine

Where the iliac crest ends

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13
Q

Name the green landmark of the ilium.

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

Where the iliac crest ends

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14
Q

Name the pink surface of the pubis.

A

Superior pubic ramus

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15
Q

Name the pink surface of the pubis.

A

Body of the pubis

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16
Q

Name the pink surface of the pubis.

A

Inferior pubic ramus

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17
Q

Name the pink surface of the pubis.

A

Pubic crest

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18
Q

Name the green landmark of the pubis.

A

Pubic tubercule

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19
Q

Name the pink surface of the pubis.

A

Pecten of the pubis

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20
Q

Name the green ligament.

A

Pubic symphysis

Holds together the two hip bones

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21
Q

How does the hip bone of a teenager differ from a fully grown adult?

A
  • In a typical 13 year-old, the three parts of the hip bone are not fused.
  • Separated by cartilage forming the Triradiate Cartilage.
  • Fusion begins ~15 years, may not complete until early twenties.
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22
Q

Name the structure.

A

The sacrum and the coccyx

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23
Q

Name structure 1.

A

Articular processes, for the fifth lumbar vertebra

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24
Q

Name structure 2.

A

Sacral promontory

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25
Q

Name structure 3.

A

Pelvic sacral foramina, for the anterior rami of the spinal nerves S1 - S4

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26
Q

Name structure 4.

A

Ala (wing) of the sacrum

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27
Q

Name the structure.

A

The sacrum and the coccyx

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28
Q

Name structure 1.

A

Dorsal sacral foramina, for the posterior rami of the spinal nerves S1 - S4

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29
Q

Name structure 2.

A

Sacral hiatus

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30
Q

Name structure 3.

A

Auricular surface, attaches with the upper part of the innominate bone to form the pelvis.

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31
Q

What is the joint between the sacrum and the innominate bones called?

A

Sacro-iliac joints

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32
Q

Name the bone.

A

Femur

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33
Q

Where does the femur articulate?

A
  • Proximally to the hip bone by the hip joint
  • Distally to the tibia by the medial & lateral femorotibial joint
  • Distally to the patella by the patellofemoral joint
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34
Q

Why does the long axis of shaft of the femur is tilted?

A
  • This arrangement is important for efficient standing and walking for bipeds
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35
Q

Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).

A

Head of the femur (Sits is the acetabulum of the pelvis)

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36
Q

Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).

A

Neck of the femur

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37
Q

Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).

A

Body of the femur

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38
Q

Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).

A

Greater trochanter

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39
Q

Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).

A

Lesser trochanter

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40
Q

Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).

A

Lateral condyle

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41
Q

Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).

A

Medial condyle

42
Q

Name the pink part of the femur.

A

Intercondylar fossa

43
Q

Name the pink surface of the femur.

A

Linea aspera (Important for muscle attachments)

44
Q

Name the pink surface of the femur.

A

Intertrochanteric line

45
Q

Name the pink surface of the femur.

A

Gluteal tuberosity

46
Q

Name the pink surface of the femur.

A

Medial supracondylar rides

47
Q

Name the pink surface of the femur.

A

Lateral supracondylar rides

48
Q

Name the green landmark.

A

Fovea of the head of the femur

49
Q

Name the green landmark.

A

Lateral epicondyle

50
Q

Name the green landmark.

A

Medial epicondyle

51
Q

Name the green bone.

A

Patella

52
Q

Where do the tibia & fibula articulate?

A
  • Tibia:
    • Proximally to the femur by the medial & lateral femorotibial joint
    • Laterally to the fibula at the superior & inferior tibiofibular joints
    • Distally to the talus
  • Fibula:
    • Laterally to the fibula at the superior & inferior tibiofibular joints
    • Distally to the talus
53
Q

Name the pink part of the leg (anterior & posterior view respectively).

A

Proximal end of the tibia

54
Q

Name the pink part of the leg (anterior & posterior view respectively).

A

Head of fibula

55
Q

Name the pink part of the leg (anterior & posterior view respectively).

A

Shaft of tibia

56
Q

Name the pink part of the leg (anterior & posterior view respectively).

A

Shaft of fibula

57
Q

Name the pink part of the leg (anterior & posterior view respectively).

A

Medial malleolus

58
Q

Name the pink part of the leg (anterior & posterior view respectively).

A

Lateral malleolus

59
Q

Name the pink surface of the tibia.

A

Anterior intercondylar area

60
Q

Name the green landmark.

A

Apex of the head of the fibula

61
Q

Name the green landmark.

A

Tibial tuberosity

62
Q

Name the green landmark.

A

Lateral & medial condyle

63
Q

Name the green landmark.

A

Lateral & medial intercondylar tubercules of intercondylar eminence

64
Q

Name the connective tissue.

A

Interosseous membrane

65
Q

What are the possible movements of the foot (4)?

A
66
Q

What bones make up the foot (7)?

A
  • Tarsals
    • Calcaneus
    • Talus
    • Cuboid
    • Navicular
    • Cuneiforms (1 - 3)
  • Metatarsals (1 - 5)
  • Phalanges (1 - 5)
67
Q

The bones of the foot form arches. Name these arches.

A
  • Transverse arch
  • Medial longitudinal arch
  • Lateral longitudinal arch
68
Q

What are the lower limb joints (8)?

A
  • Sacro-iliac joint (Sacrum - Ilium)
    • Synovial joint, but limited mobility
  • Pubic symphysis (Pubis - Pubis)
    • Fibrocartilaginous joint
  • Hip joint (Head of the femur - Acetabulum of the pelvis)
    • Ball-and-socket synovial joint
  • Knee joints:
    • Patello-femoral joint (Patella - Femur)
      • Gliding synovial joint
    • Knee joint (Femur - Tibia)
      • Synovial hinge joint
  • Proximal tibiofibular joint (Tibia - Fibula)
    • Plane synovial joint
  • Distal tibiofibular joint (Tibia - Fibula)
    • Fibrous joint
  • Ankle joint (Tibia & Fibula - Talus)
    • Synovial hinge joint
  • Numerous joints within, and between, the groups of foot bones
    • Mainly synovial joints
69
Q

What are the movements of the hip joint (6)?

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Lateral (external) rotation
  • Medial (internal) rotation
70
Q

What ligaments stabilise the hip joint (5)?

A
  • Ligament of the head of femur
  • Transverse acetabular ligament
  • Ilio-femoral ligament
  • Pubo-femoral ligament
  • Ischio-femoral ligament
71
Q

What are the movements of the knee joint (2)?

A
  • Extension
  • Flexion
72
Q

What ligaments stabilise the knee joint (4)?

A
  • Anterior cruciate (crossed) ligaments
  • Posterior cruciate (crossed) ligaments
  • Medial collateral ligaments
  • Lateral collateral ligaments
Anterior, Posterior & Superior view
73
Q

What is the clinical significance of the knee bursa?

A
  • One of the common sides of arthritis
    • Inflammation of the bursa (bursitis) is very painful
    • Largest joint in the body
74
Q

What are the movements of the ankle joint (4)?

A
  • Dorsiflexion (extension)
  • Plantarflexion (flexion)
  • Inversion
  • Eversion
75
Q

What ligaments stabilise the ankle joint (4)?

A
  • Medial (deltoid) ligament
  • Lateral ligaments (Commonly stretched and torn in sprains)
    • Anterior talofibular ligaments
    • Posterior talofibular ligaments
    • Calcaneofibular ligament
76
Q

What are the different compartment of the muscular anatomy of the upper limb?
* Trunk (2)
* Thigh (3)
* Leg (3)
* Foot (1)

A
  • Trunk:
    • Gluteal muscles (hip extensors / hip abductors / lateral rotators)
    • Hip flexors (Pelvis/abdomen)
  • Thigh:
    • Anterior thigh muscles (knee extensors)
    • Medial thigh muscles (thigh adductors)
    • Posterior thigh muscles (knee flexors)
  • Leg:
    • Anterior leg muscles (dorsiflexors)
    • Lateral leg muscles (foot everters)
    • Posterior leg muscles (plantarflexors)
  • Foot:
    • Intrinsic foot muscles
77
Q

Why are the muscles separated in compartments (4)?

A
  • Compartments tend to have a distinct function
  • Compartments tend to have the same nerve supply
  • Compartments tend to have the same blood supply
  • Compartments tend to be separated by connective tissue septae (walls)
78
Q

What muscles make up the gluteal muscles?
* Superficial Gluteal Muscles (4)
* Deep Gluteal Muscles (4)

A
  • Superficial Gluteal Muscles
    • Gluteus maximus
    • Gluteus medius
    • Gluteus minimus
    • Tensor fasciae latae
  • Deep Gluteal Muscles
    • Piriformis
    • Obturator internus
    • Gemelli (superior & inferior)
    • Quadratus femoris
79
Q

What is the action of the gluteal muscles (3)?

A
  • Abduct the thigh at the hip joint
  • Flex & extent the thigh at the hip joint
  • Medially & laterally rotate the thigh at the hip joint
80
Q

What muscles make up the hip flexor muscles (5)?

A
  • Psoas major
  • Psoas minor
  • Iliacus
  • Iliopsoas (Formed by the fusion of psoas major & iliacus)
  • Pectineus
81
Q

What is the action of the hip flexor muscles?

A

Flex the thigh at the hip joint

82
Q

What muscles make up the anterior thigh muscles (8)?

A
  • Psoas minor
  • Iliopsoas (Formed by the fusion of psoas major & iliacus)
  • Quadriceps femoris (superficial to proximal)
    • Rectus femoris
    • Vastus medialis
    • Vastus laterelus
    • Vastus intermedius
  • Sartorius
  • Articularis genus
83
Q

What is the action of the anterior thigh muscles?

A
  • Flex the thigh at the hip joint
  • Extend the leg at the knee joint
84
Q

What muscles make up the medial thigh muscles (6)?

A
  • Pectineus
  • Adductor magnus
  • Adductor longus
  • Adductor brevis
  • Gracilis
  • Obturator externus
85
Q

What is the action of the medial thigh muscles?

A

Adduct the thigh at the hip joint

86
Q

What muscles make up the posterior thigh muscles (4)?

A
  • Long head of the biceps femoris
  • Short head of the biceps femoris
  • Semitendinosus
  • Semimembranosus
87
Q

What is the action of the posterior thigh muscles (2)?

A
  • Extend the thigh at the hip joint
  • Flex the leg at the knee joint
88
Q

What muscles make up the anterior leg muscles (4)?

A
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Extensor hallucis longus
  • Extensor digitorum longus
  • Fibularis tertius
89
Q

What is the action of the anterior leg muscles (3)?

A
  • Dorsiflex the foot at the ankle joint
  • Extend the toes at their metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints
  • Invert the foot at the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints
90
Q

What muscles make up the lateral leg muscles (2)?

A
  • Fibularis longus
  • Fibularis brevis
91
Q

What is the action of the lateral leg muscles?

A

Evert the foot at the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints

92
Q

What muscles make up the posterior leg muscles?
* Superficial part of the posterior leg muscles (4)
* Deep part of the posterior leg muscles (4)

A
  • Superficial part of the posterior leg muscles:
    • Triceps surae
      • Lateral head of gastrocnemius
      • Medial head of gastrocnemius
      • Soleus
    • Plantaris
  • Deep part of the posterior leg muscles:
    • Tibialis posterior
    • Flexor digitorum longus
    • Flexor hallucis longus
    • Popliteus
93
Q

What is the action of the posterior leg muscles (3)?

A
  • Plantarflex the foot at the ankle joint
  • Flex the toes at their metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints
  • Invert the foot at the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints
94
Q

What muscles make up the foot muscles?
* Plantar part of the foot (superficial to deep) (4)
* Dorsum part of the foot (2)

A
  • Plantar part of the foot (superficial to deep):
    • First layer of muscles of plantar part of the foot
    • Second layer of muscles of plantar part of the foot
    • Third layer of muscles of plantar part of the foot
    • Fourth layer of muscles of plantar part of the foot
  • Dorsum part of the foot:
    • Extensor digitorum brevis
    • Extensor hallucis brevis
95
Q

What is the action of the foot muscles?

A

Fine motor movement of the foot

96
Q

At the knee joint, which ligament prevents the femoral condyles from sliding backwards on the tibial plateau?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament

97
Q

Where is the femoral attachment of iliopsoas muscle?

A

Lesser trochanter

98
Q

Which ligament is most commonly damaged in forced inversion of the talus at the ankle joint (sprained ankle)?

A

Anterior talofibular ligament

99
Q

Which hamstring muscle is not attached proximally to the ischial tuberosity?

A

Biceps femoris short head

100
Q

The pair of sesamoid bones found at the plantar aspect of the first metatarsal phalangeal joint of the foot protect which muscle’s tendon from being compressed?

A

Flexor hallucis longus

Phase 1b - Anatomy (8 decks)

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