Limbs Part 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the regions of the lower limb (4)?
A
- Gluteal region
- Buttock / Hip
- Free lower limb
- Thigh
- Leg
- Foot
2
Q
What are the regions of the lower limb homologous to?
A
-
Regions of the upper limb
- Buttock / Hip - Pectoral girdle
- Thigh - Arm
- Leg - Forearm
- Hand - Foot
- Thumb - Hallux
3
Q
Why is the homology of the lower and upper limb relevant?
A
-
Actions at homologous joints have the opposite orientation
- Flexion at the elbow joint is an anterior movement
- Flexion at the knee joint is a posterior movement
4
Q
Why do the actions at homologous joints of the upper and lower limb have the opposite orientation?
A
-
Twisting of the lower limb during development:
-
Permanent pronation (internal rotation) at the upper-thigh level makes the terminology in the lower limb confusing
- Flexors become posterior
- Extensors become anterior
-
Permanent pronation (internal rotation) at the upper-thigh level makes the terminology in the lower limb confusing
5
Q
What are the bones of the lower limb?
* Gluteal region (3 + 3)
* Free lower limb
* Thigh (2)
* Leg (2)
* Foot (3)
A
- Gluteal region
- Buttock / Hip
- Innominate / Pelvic Bone
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
- Sacrum
- Free lower limb
- Thigh
- Femur
- Patella
- Leg
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Foot
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
- Thigh
6
Q
Name the bone. What three bones fuse together to make the hip bone? (Shown in a clockwise fashion)
A
- Hip bone
- Ilium
- Pubis
- Ischium
7
Q
Name the pink part of the ilium.
A
Body of ileum
8
Q
Name the pink part of the ilium.
A
Ala of ilium
9
Q
Name the pink surface of the ilium.
A
Iliac fossa
10
Q
Name the surface of the ilium.
A
Auricular surface of the ilium
Articulates with the sacrum to form the sacro-iliac joint
11
Q
Name the pink surface of the ilium.
A
Iliac crest
12
Q
Name the green landmark of the ilium.
A
Posterior superior iliac spine
Where the iliac crest ends
13
Q
Name the green landmark of the ilium.
A
Anterior superior iliac spine
Where the iliac crest ends
14
Q
Name the pink surface of the pubis.
A
Superior pubic ramus
15
Q
Name the pink surface of the pubis.
A
Body of the pubis
16
Q
Name the pink surface of the pubis.
A
Inferior pubic ramus
17
Q
Name the pink surface of the pubis.
A
Pubic crest
18
Q
Name the green landmark of the pubis.
A
Pubic tubercule
19
Q
Name the pink surface of the pubis.
A
Pecten of the pubis
20
Q
Name the green ligament.
A
Pubic symphysis
Holds together the two hip bones
21
Q
How does the hip bone of a teenager differ from a fully grown adult?
A
- In a typical 13 year-old, the three parts of the hip bone are not fused.
- Separated by cartilage forming the Triradiate Cartilage.
- Fusion begins ~15 years, may not complete until early twenties.
22
Q
Name the structure.
A
The sacrum and the coccyx
23
Q
Name structure 1.
A
Articular processes, for the fifth lumbar vertebra
24
Q
Name structure 2.
A
Sacral promontory
25
Name structure 3.
Pelvic sacral foramina, for the anterior rami of the spinal nerves S1 - S4
26
Name structure 4.
Ala (wing) of the sacrum
27
Name the structure.
The sacrum and the coccyx
28
Name structure 1.
Dorsal sacral foramina, for the posterior rami of the spinal nerves S1 - S4
29
Name structure 2.
Sacral hiatus
30
Name structure 3.
Auricular surface, attaches with the upper part of the innominate bone to form the pelvis.
31
What is the joint between the sacrum and the innominate bones called?
Sacro-iliac joints
32
Name the bone.
Femur
33
Where does the femur articulate?
* **Proximally** to the **hip bone by the hip joint**
* **Distally** to the **tibia** by the **medial & lateral femorotibial joint**
* **Distally** to the **patella** by the **patellofemoral joint**
34
Why does the long axis of shaft of the femur is tilted?
* This arrangement is important for **efficient standing and walking for bipeds**
35
Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Head of the femur (Sits is the acetabulum of the pelvis)
36
Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Neck of the femur
37
Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Body of the femur
38
Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Greater trochanter
39
Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Lesser trochanter
40
Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Lateral condyle
41
Name the pink part of the femur (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Medial condyle
42
Name the pink part of the femur.
Intercondylar fossa
43
Name the pink surface of the femur.
Linea aspera (Important for muscle attachments)
44
Name the pink surface of the femur.
Intertrochanteric line
45
Name the pink surface of the femur.
Gluteal tuberosity
46
Name the pink surface of the femur.
Medial supracondylar rides
47
Name the pink surface of the femur.
Lateral supracondylar rides
48
Name the green landmark.
Fovea of the head of the femur
49
Name the green landmark.
Lateral epicondyle
50
Name the green landmark.
Medial epicondyle
51
Name the green bone.
Patella
52
Where do the tibia & fibula articulate?
* Tibia:
* **Proximally** to the **femur** by the **medial & lateral femorotibial joint**
* **Laterally** to the **fibula** at the **superior & inferior tibiofibular joints**
* **Distally** to the **talus**
* Fibula:
* **Laterally** to the **fibula** at the **superior & inferior tibiofibular joints**
* **Distally** to the **talus**
53
Name the pink part of the leg (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Proximal end of the tibia
54
Name the pink part of the leg (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Head of fibula
55
Name the pink part of the leg (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Shaft of tibia
56
Name the pink part of the leg (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Shaft of fibula
57
Name the pink part of the leg (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Medial malleolus
58
Name the pink part of the leg (anterior & posterior view respectively).
Lateral malleolus
59
Name the pink surface of the tibia.
Anterior intercondylar area
60
Name the green landmark.
Apex of the head of the fibula
61
Name the green landmark.
Tibial tuberosity
62
Name the green landmark.
Lateral & medial condyle
63
Name the green landmark.
Lateral & medial intercondylar tubercules of intercondylar eminence
64
Name the connective tissue.
Interosseous membrane
65
What are the possible movements of the foot (4)?
66
What bones make up the foot (7)?
* Tarsals
* Calcaneus
* Talus
* Cuboid
* Navicular
* Cuneiforms (1 - 3)
* Metatarsals (1 - 5)
* Phalanges (1 - 5)
67
The bones of the foot form arches. Name these arches.
* Transverse arch
* Medial longitudinal arch
* Lateral longitudinal arch
68
What are the lower limb joints (8)?
* **Sacro-iliac joint** (Sacrum - Ilium)
* Synovial joint, but limited mobility
* **Pubic symphysis** (Pubis - Pubis)
* Fibrocartilaginous joint
* **Hip joint** (Head of the femur - Acetabulum of the pelvis)
* Ball-and-socket synovial joint
* Knee joints:
* **Patello-femoral joint** (Patella - Femur)
* Gliding synovial joint
* **Knee joint** (Femur - Tibia)
* Synovial hinge joint
* **Proximal tibiofibular joint** (Tibia - Fibula)
* Plane synovial joint
* **Distal tibiofibular joint** (Tibia - Fibula)
* Fibrous joint
* **Ankle joint** (Tibia & Fibula - Talus)
* Synovial hinge joint
* **Numerous joints** within, and between, the groups of foot bones
* Mainly synovial joints
69
What are the movements of the hip joint (6)?
* Flexion
* Extension
* Abduction
* Adduction
* Lateral (external) rotation
* Medial (internal) rotation
70
What ligaments stabilise the hip joint (5)?
* Ligament of the head of femur
* Transverse acetabular ligament
* Ilio-femoral ligament
* Pubo-femoral ligament
* Ischio-femoral ligament
71
What are the movements of the knee joint (2)?
* Extension
* Flexion
72
What ligaments stabilise the knee joint (4)?
* Anterior cruciate (crossed) ligaments
* Posterior cruciate (crossed) ligaments
* Medial collateral ligaments
* Lateral collateral ligaments
73
What is the clinical significance of the knee bursa?
* One of the **common sides of arthritis**
* Inflammation of the bursa (bursitis) is very painful
* Largest joint in the body
74
What are the movements of the ankle joint (4)?
* Dorsiflexion (extension)
* Plantarflexion (flexion)
* Inversion
* Eversion
75
What ligaments stabilise the ankle joint (4)?
* **Medial (deltoid) ligament**
* Lateral ligaments (Commonly stretched and torn in sprains)
* **Anterior talofibular ligaments**
* **Posterior talofibular ligaments**
* **Calcaneofibular ligament**
76
What are the different compartment of the muscular anatomy of the upper limb?
* Trunk (2)
* Thigh (3)
* Leg (3)
* Foot (1)
* Trunk:
* **Gluteal muscles** (hip extensors / hip abductors / lateral rotators)
* **Hip flexors** (Pelvis/abdomen)
* Thigh:
* **Anterior thigh muscles** (knee extensors)
* **Medial thigh muscles** (thigh adductors)
* **Posterior thigh muscles** (knee flexors)
* Leg:
* **Anterior leg muscles** (dorsiflexors)
* **Lateral leg muscles** (foot everters)
* **Posterior leg muscles** (plantarflexors)
* Foot:
* **Intrinsic foot muscles**
77
Why are the muscles separated in compartments (4)?
* Compartments tend to have a **distinct function**
* Compartments tend to have the **same nerve supply**
* Compartments tend to have the **same blood supply**
* Compartments tend to be **separated by connective tissue septae (walls)**
78
What muscles make up the gluteal muscles?
* Superficial Gluteal Muscles (4)
* Deep Gluteal Muscles (4)
* Superficial Gluteal Muscles
* **Gluteus maximus**
* **Gluteus medius**
* **Gluteus minimus**
* **Tensor fasciae latae**
* Deep Gluteal Muscles
* **Piriformis**
* **Obturator internus**
* **Gemelli** (superior & inferior)
* **Quadratus femoris**
79
What is the action of the gluteal muscles (3)?
* **Abduct** the **thigh** at the **hip** joint
* **Flex & extent** the **thigh** at the **hip** joint
* **Medially & laterally rotate** the **thigh** at the **hip** joint
80
What muscles make up the hip flexor muscles (5)?
* **Psoas major**
* **Psoas minor**
* **Iliacus**
* **Iliopsoas** (Formed by the fusion of psoas major & iliacus)
* **Pectineus**
81
What is the action of the hip flexor muscles?
**Flex** the **thigh** at the **hip** joint
82
What muscles make up the anterior thigh muscles (8)?
* **Psoas minor**
* **Iliopsoas** (Formed by the fusion of psoas major & iliacus)
* Quadriceps femoris (superficial to proximal)
* **Rectus femoris**
* **Vastus medialis**
* **Vastus laterelus**
* **Vastus intermedius**
* **Sartorius**
* **Articularis genus**
83
What is the action of the anterior thigh muscles?
* **Flex** the **thigh** at the **hip** joint
* **Extend** the **leg** at the **knee** joint
84
What muscles make up the medial thigh muscles (6)?
* **Pectineus**
* **Adductor magnus**
* **Adductor longus**
* **Adductor brevis**
* **Gracilis**
* **Obturator externus**
85
What is the action of the medial thigh muscles?
**Adduct** the **thigh** at the **hip** joint
86
What muscles make up the posterior thigh muscles (4)?
* **Long head of the biceps femoris**
* **Short head of the biceps femoris**
* **Semitendinosus**
* **Semimembranosus**
87
What is the action of the posterior thigh muscles (2)?
* **Extend** the **thigh** at the **hip** joint
* **Flex** the **leg** at the **knee** joint
88
What muscles make up the anterior leg muscles (4)?
* **Tibialis anterior**
* **Extensor hallucis longus**
* **Extensor digitorum longus**
* **Fibularis tertius**
89
What is the action of the anterior leg muscles (3)?
* **Dorsiflex** the **foot** at the **ankle** joint
* **Extend** the **toes** at their **metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints**
* **Invert** the **foot** at the **subtalar and transverse tarsal** joints
90
What muscles make up the lateral leg muscles (2)?
* **Fibularis longus**
* **Fibularis brevis**
91
What is the action of the lateral leg muscles?
**Evert** the **foot** at the **subtalar and transverse tarsal joints**
92
What muscles make up the posterior leg muscles?
* Superficial part of the posterior leg muscles (4)
* Deep part of the posterior leg muscles (4)
* Superficial part of the posterior leg muscles:
* Triceps surae
* **Lateral head of gastrocnemius**
* **Medial head of gastrocnemius**
* **Soleus**
* **Plantaris**
* Deep part of the posterior leg muscles:
* **Tibialis posterior**
* **Flexor digitorum longus**
* **Flexor hallucis longus**
* **Popliteus**
93
What is the action of the posterior leg muscles (3)?
* **Plantarflex** the **foot** at the **ankle** joint
* **Flex the toes** at their **metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints**
* **Invert** the **foot** at the **subtalar and transverse tarsal joints**
94
What muscles make up the foot muscles?
* Plantar part of the foot (superficial to deep) (4)
* Dorsum part of the foot (2)
* Plantar part of the foot (superficial to deep):
* **First** layer of muscles of plantar part of the foot
* **Second** layer of muscles of plantar part of the foot
* **Third** layer of muscles of plantar part of the foot
* **Fourth** layer of muscles of plantar part of the foot
* Dorsum part of the foot:
* **Extensor digitorum brevis**
* **Extensor hallucis brevis**
95
What is the action of the foot muscles?
Fine motor movement of the foot
96
At the knee joint, which ligament prevents the femoral condyles from sliding backwards on the tibial plateau?
Anterior cruciate ligament
97
Where is the femoral attachment of iliopsoas muscle?
Lesser trochanter
98
Which ligament is most commonly damaged in forced inversion of the talus at the ankle joint (sprained ankle)?
Anterior talofibular ligament
99
Which hamstring muscle is not attached proximally to the ischial tuberosity?
Biceps femoris short head
100
The pair of sesamoid bones found at the plantar aspect of the first metatarsal phalangeal joint of the foot protect which muscle’s tendon from being compressed?
Flexor hallucis longus
