Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum Part 3 Flashcards
Name the structure.
Kidneys
Outline the vasculature of the kidneys.
- Left & Right renal arteries respectively
- Arise from the abdominal aorta
- Left & Right renal veins respectively
- Empty into the vena cava
What are some main structure of the kidney?
- Hilum of the kidney
- Renal sinus (The surface of the kidney is rolled inward, creating this deep oval pocket)
- Here the renal artery & vein divide into numerous branches
- Renal pelvis (Formed by the convergence of a number of broad draining channels (Calyx (Calyces)))
- Renal sinus (The surface of the kidney is rolled inward, creating this deep oval pocket)
What are the main structures that make up a kidney (starting from the outermost layer)?
- Outer cortex
- Inner medulla
- Papillae that open into the calyces
Name the structure.
Ureter
Where does the ureter originate?
Renal pelvis
Where does the ureter insert?
Bladder
What gender is shown in the picture?
Male
Describe the journey that urine takes from the ureter to the penis.
- The ureter opens into the bladder at the ureteric ostium. Urine leaves the bladder through the internal urethral meatus, to enter the urethra.
- The urethra passes downwards through the prostate and emerges at the apex of the prostate. The proximal part of the urethra, the membranous urethra, passes downward through the sling of muscle that forms the pelvic diaphragm (levator prostate of the pubococcygeus muscle) and enter the bulb of the penis.
Describe the journey that urine takes from the ureter onwards.
- The ureter opens into the bladder at the ureteric ostium. Urine leaves the bladder through the internal urethral meatus, to enter the urethra.
- The urethra is surrounded by the external urethral sphincter muscle. The urethra enter the vestibule of the vagina and urine exits through the external urethral meatus.
Name the structure.
Suprarenal glands / Adrenal glands
What is the function of the suprarenal glands?
Endocrine glands
What are the main parts of the adrenal glands?
- Cortex
- Secretes corticosteroids
- Medulla
- Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
What are the main differences between the male & female pelvis?
- Female pelvic cavity is wider from side to side & deeper from front to back
- The angle of the female pubic arch is broader
Name the structure
The sacrum and the coccyx
Name structure 1
Articular processes, for the fifth lumbar vertebra
Name structure 2
Sacral promontory
Name structure 3
Pelvic sacral foramina, for the anterior rami of the spinal nerves S1 - S4
Name structure 4
Ala (wing) of the sacrum
Name the structure
The sacrum and the coccyx
Name structure 1
Dorsal sacral foramina, for the posterior rami of the spinal nerves S1 - S4
Name structure 2
Sacral hiatus
Name structure 3
Auricular surface, attaches with the upper part of the innominate bone to form the pelvis
What is the joint between the sacrum and the innominate bones called?
Sacro-iliac joints
Name the bone
Hip bone
What three bones fuse together to make the hip bone? (Shown in a clockwise fashion)
- Ilium
- Pubis
- Ischium
Name the pink part of the ilium.
Body of ilium
Name the pink part of the ilium
Ala of ilium
Name the pink surface of the ilium
Iliac fossa
Name the surface of the ilium
Auricular surface of the ilium
Articulates with the sacrum to form the sacro-iliac joint
Name the pink surface of the ilium
Iliac crest
Name the green landmark of the ilium
Posterior superior iliac spine
Where the iliac crest ends
Name the green landmark of the ilium
Anterior superior iliac spine
Where the iliac crest ends
Name the surface of the pubis
Superior pubic ramus
Name the surface of the pubis
Body of the pubis
Name the surface of the pubis
Inferior pubic ramus
Name the pink surface of the pubis
Pubic crest
Name the green landmark of the pubis
Pubic tubercule
Name the pink surface of the pubis
Pecten of the pubis
Name the green ligament
Pubic symphysis
Holds together the two hip bones
What is the name of the opening formed between the hip bones, the sacrum and the pubic symphysis?
Pelvic brim
Name the ligament
Inguinal ligament
- Strong band of tendonous tissue that joins the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercule
- Lowest part of the external oblique aponeurosis
What ligaments strengthen the sacro-iliac joint?
- Anterior sacro-iliac ligament
- Posterior sacro-iliac ligament
- Sacro-tuberous ligament
- Originates on the back of the sacrum & inserted on the ischial tuberosity
- Sacro-spinous ligament
- Originates on the edge of the sacrum & inserted on the ischial spine
The sacro-tuberous ligament & the Sacro-spinous ligament divide the gap between the sacrum and the ischium into two openings. Name them.
- Greater sciatic foramen
- Lesser sciatic foramen
What are the boundaries of the inferior pelvic aperture?
- Sacro-tuberous ligament (behind)
- Ischiopubic rami (In front)
What muscles make up the pelvic wall?
- Piriformis muscle
- Obturator internus muscle
- Coccygeus muscle
- Levator ani muscle
- Ilio - coccygeus muscle
- Pubo - coccygeus muscle
Name the muscle.
Piriformis muscle
What is the origin of the piriformis muscle?
Sacrum & sacro-tuberous ligament
What is the insertion of the piriformis muscle?
Greater trochanter of the femur
What is the action of the piriformis muscle?
Laterally rotates & transversely abducts thigh at hip joint
What is the innervation of the piriformis muscle?
S1 - S2
What is the arterial blood supply of the piriformis muscle?
- Superior & inferior gluteal artery
- Internal pudendal artery
- Lateral sacral artery
Name the muscle.
Obturator internus muscle
What is the origin of the obturator internus muscle?
Internal surface of obturator membrane
What is the insertion of the obturator internus muscle?
Greater trochanter of the femur
What is the action of the obturator internus muscle?
Laterally rotates & transversely abducts thigh at hip joint
What is the innervation of the obturator internus muscle?
L5 - S1
What is the arterial blood supply of the obturator internus muscle?
- Internal pudendal artery
- Obturator artery
Name the tendonous structure.
Tendinous arch
Name the muscle.
Coccygeus muscle
What is the origin of the coccygeus muscle?
Ischial spine
What is the insertion of the coccygeus muscle?
Sacrum & Coccyx
What is the action of the coccygeus muscle?
Provides structural support to adjacent pelvic structures
What is the innervation of the coccygeus muscle?
Anterior rami of S4 & S5
What is the arterial blood supply of the coccygeus muscle?
Inferior gluteal artery
The Levator ani muscle can be divided into two theoretically (not functionally) different muscles. Name them.
- Ilio - coccygeus muscle
- Pubo - coccygeus muscle
Name the muscle.
Ilio-coccygeus muscle
What is the origin of the ilio-coccygeus muscle?
- Ischial spine
- Tendinous arch
What is the insertion of the ilio-coccygeus muscle?
- Coccyx
- Iliococcygeal raphe
- Anococcygeal ligament
What is the action of the ilio-coccygeus muscle?
- Provides structural support to adjacent pelvic structures
- Faecal continence
What is the innervation of the ilio-coccygeus muscle?
S3 - S4
What is the arterial blood supply of the ilio-coccygeus muscle?
- Inferior gluteal artery
- Inferior vesical artery
- Internal pudendal artery
Name the muscle.
Pubo-coccygeus muscle
What is the origin of the pubo-coccygeus muscle?
- Pubis
- Tendinous arch
What is the insertion of the pubo-coccygeus muscle?
- Coccyx
- Pubococcygeus tendon
- Perineal body
What is the action of the pubo-coccygeus muscle?
- Provides structural support to adjacent pelvic structures
- Urinary & faecal continence
What is the innervation of the pubo-coccygeus muscle?
- S3 - S4
- Inferior & perineal nerves
What is the arterial blood supply of the pubo-coccygeus muscle?
- Inferior gluteal artery
- Inferior vesical artery
- Internal pudendal artery
Name the structure.
Ovaries
What holds the ovaries to the fallopian tubes?
Mesovarium
What holds the ovaries to the uterus?
Ligament of the ovary
What holds the ovary to the wall?
- Suspensory ligament of ovary (part of the broad ligament)
- Round ligament (part of the broad ligament)
Name the structure.
Fallopian tubes
What are the fallopian tubes divided into?
- Isthmus
- Ampulla
- Infundibulum
What hold the fallopian tubes in place?
Mesosalpinx
Name the structure.
Uterus
What are the main parts of the uterus?
- Fundus
- Body
- Cervix
What hold the uterus in place?
The broad ligaments
Name the structure.
Vagina
Where does the vagina end?
Cervix
What are the folds inside the vagina called?
Rugae
