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anatomy 1b > Limbs 3 > Flashcards

Limbs 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major regions of the lower limb?

A
  • gluteal region (buttock and hip)
  • free lower limb (thigh, leg and foot)
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2
Q

What is the leg?

A

The area between the knee and the ankle

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3
Q

What is the gluteal region homologous to in the upper limb?

A

The pectoral girdle

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4
Q

What is the knee joint homologous to in the upper limb?

A

The elbow joint

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5
Q

Why do the homologous actions between the upper and lower limb appear so different?

A

Developmental differences in the arrangement of muscle groups

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6
Q

How does flexion differ between the elbow and knee joints?

A
  • elbow = anterior movement
  • knee = posterior movement
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7
Q

Why does the flexion in the knee and elbow joints differ?

A
  • upper and lower limb buds extend laterally in early limb development
  • at 7-8 weeks the lower limbs rotate medially just below the hip (permanent pronation)
  • results in anterior structres becoming posterior and vice versa
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8
Q

What is the outcome of rotation in the developing lower limb?

A
  • anterior dermatomes have twisted oblique fields rather than straight
  • extensor muscles are anterior and flexors are posterior
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9
Q

What are the bones of the buttock/hip?

A

Pelvic girdle

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10
Q

What are the bones of the thigh?

A

Femur and patella

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11
Q

What are the bones of the leg?

A

Tibia and fibula

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12
Q

What are the bones of the foot?

A

Tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges

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13
Q

Which bones form the pelvic girdle?

A
  • the hip bones (x2)
  • sacrum
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14
Q

What are the three bones which fuse to form each hip bone?

A
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis
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15
Q

What is the joint which articulates the hips bones and the sacrum?

A

Sacro-iliac joint

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16
Q

What is the joint between the two hip bones?

A

Pubic symphysis

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17
Q

What is the timescale for fusion of the hip bones?

A
  • begins ~15 years
  • finished by early 20s
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18
Q

Where do the three bones of the hip bone meet?

A

Triradiate cartilage

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19
Q

What do the three bones of the hip form around the triradiate cartilage?

A

Acetabullum (socket of the hip joint)

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20
Q

What is the obturator foramen?

A

Round opening between the interior and exterior of the pelvis, covered by the obturator membrane

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21
Q

What does the femur articulate with?

A
  • pelvis proximally
  • tibia distally
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22
Q

What is the linea aspera?

A
  • ridge running through the posterior surface of the femur
  • attachment site for a number of muscles
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23
Q

Why do the knees sit close together under the pelvis and why is this important?

A
  • femoral head and neck are at an angle while the distal end is horizontal
  • thighs are inferomedially oblique
  • allows for efficient bipedal standing and walking
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24
Q

Label this diagram of the proximal femur

A
  1. pectineal line
  2. lesser trochanter
  3. trochanteric crest
  4. head
  5. neck
  6. greater trochanter
  7. gluteal tuberosity
  8. linea aspera
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25
Q

Label this diagram of the distal femur

A
  1. medial epicondyle
  2. medial condyle
  3. intercondylar fossa
  4. lateral condyle
  5. lateral epicondyle
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26
Q

Which of the two bones of the leg is larger and weight-bearing?

A

The tibia

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27
Q

What does the tibia articulate with?

A
  • femur proximally
  • talus tarsal bone distally
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28
Q

What is the tibial plateau?

A

Widened proximal end of tibia

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29
Q

What is the medial malleolus?

A

Distal end of the tibia

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30
Q

Which bone of the leg is primarily used for muscle attachment?

A

Fibula

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31
Q

What is the lateral malleoulus?

A
  • distal end of the fibula
  • forms lateral wall of the ankle joint
32
Q

What connects the tibia and fibula?

A

Intraosseous membrane

33
Q

What are the three parts of the tibial plateau?

A
  • lateral condyle
  • medial condyle
  • intercondylar eminence
34
Q

What is an important muscle attachment site at the proximal end of the tibia?

A

Tibial tuberosity

35
Q

What does the proximal end of the fibula articulate with?

A
  • tibia at the proximal tibiofibular joint
  • doesn’t articulate with femur
36
Q

What is the upper surface of the foot called?

A

Dorsum

37
Q

What is the sole of the foot called?

A

Planta

38
Q

How are the flexion and extension movements of the foot described?

A

In relation to the dorsum and planta

39
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Toes point up

40
Q

What is plantarflexion?

A

Toes point down

41
Q

What is inversion of the foot?

A

Planta faces medially

42
Q

What is eversion of the foot?

A

Planta faces laterally

43
Q

What is the anatomical name for the big toe?

A

Hallux

44
Q

What is the anatomical name for the heel bone?

A

Calcaneus

45
Q

What are the names of the tarsal bones?

A

.

46
Q

How many metarsals and phalanges are there?

A

5

47
Q

Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia?

A

Talus

48
Q

What are the three arches of the foot?

A

.

49
Q

What is the hip joint?

A
  • articulation of the head of femur and the acetabulum
  • connects lower limb to trunk
  • ball and socket synovial joint
  • highly mobile
50
Q

What are the movements at the hip joint?

A
  • flexion (forward)
  • extension (backwards)
  • abduction (laterally)
  • adduction (medially)
  • lateral and medial rotation
51
Q

What are the two joints at the knee?

A
  • knee joint
  • patello-femoral joint
52
Q

What is the knee joint?

A
  • synovial hinge joint
  • between the condyles of the distal femur and condyles of the proximal tibia
53
Q

What is the patello-femoral joint?

A
  • gliding synovial joint
  • between the patella and anterior intercondylar groove of the femur
54
Q

What are the two joints which articulate the tibia and fibula?

A
  • proximal tibiofibular joint (plane synovial joint)
  • distal tibiofibular joint (fibrous joint)
55
Q

What is the ankle joint?

A
  • between the tibia, fibula and talis tarsal bone
  • synovial hinge joint
56
Q

What is the acetabular notch?

A

Gap where joining of the three hip bones is incomplete

57
Q

What is the acetabular fossa?

A
  • depression inside the acetabulum
  • contains fibro-fatty tissue
58
Q

Which ligamentous structre spans the acetabular notch?

A

Transverse acetabular ligament

59
Q

What is the shape of the articular surface of the acetabulum and why is it important?

A

Horseshoe, minimises contact stress

60
Q

What is the acetabular labrum?

A

Cartilage rim which deepens the acetabulum

61
Q

Which ligament connects the acetabulum and the head of the femur?

A

Ligamentum teres

62
Q

What are the three capsular ligaments which stabilise the hip joint?

A

.

63
Q

What happens when the capsular ligaments of the hip joint are twisted and when does this happen?

A
  • they draw together the structures they’re attached to
  • happens in extension of the hip joint
64
Q

What are the movements at the knee?

A
  • flexion (backwards)
  • extension (forwards)
  • limited gliding, rolling and rotation
65
Q

Why are other structures needed to stabilise the knee joint?

A
  • lack of congruence between the distal femur and proximal tibia
  • unstable
66
Q

Where are the articular surfaces of the knee joint found on the femur?

A
  • condyles
  • pair of surfaces which are convex on the anterior-posterior axis
  • separated by intercondylar fossa
67
Q

What is the articular surface for the knee joint on the tibia?

A
  • tibial plateau
  • pair of condyles separated by the intercondylar eminence
68
Q

What are the two pairs of ligaments which stabilise the knee joint?

A
  • anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
  • medial and lateral collateral ligaments
69
Q

What are the attachments of the collateral ligaments?

A
  • medial = medial femur and tibia
  • lateral = lateral femur and fibula
70
Q

What is the function of the collateral ligaments?

A

Prevent abduction and adduction of the knee joint

71
Q

What is the name of the cartilage which is often damaged in the knee and what is their function?

A
  • meniscus
  • increase the congruence of the joint
  • medial meniscus is most likely to be injured because it is attached to the medial collateral ligament
72
Q

What are bursae?

A
  • lubricated fluid-filled sac around joints
  • provides cushioning for tendons sliding over bony surfaces
  • can become inflamed causing very painful bursitis
73
Q

What causes bursitis?

A

Overuse or injury

74
Q

What are the pointed prominences on the talis called?

A

Medial and lateral malleoli

75
Q

Which joints are responsible for inversion and eversion of the foot?

A

Sub-talar and transverse tarsal joints

76
Q

What is a sprained ankle?

A

Forced inversion (or eversion) of the collateral ligaments causing damage

77
Q

What are the collateral ligaments of the ankle joint?

A
  • medial deltoid ligament
  • anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments
  • calcaneofibular ligament

anatomy 1b (9 decks)

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