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anatomy 1b > Limbs 1 > Flashcards

Limbs 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major structures of the body?

A
  • main body (head, neck and trunk)
  • appendages (upper and lower limbs)
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2
Q

What are the two major structures of the skeleton?

A
  • axial skeleton (head, neck and trunk)
  • appendicular skeleton (upper and lower limbs)
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3
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A
  • upper and lower limb bones
  • bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdle
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4
Q

What is the function of the upper limb?

A

position the hand for manipulation and grip activities

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5
Q

What is the function of the lower limb?

A

support the body weight, locomotion, maintain balance

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6
Q

Which joints connect the upper limbs to the trunk?

A
  • sternoclavicular joints (true joints)
  • scapulo-thoracic joints (virtual joints)
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7
Q

Which joints connect the lower limbs to the trunk

A

Sacroiliac joints (between the pelvis and sacrum)

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8
Q

What are the four regions of the upper limb?

A
  • The pectoral (shoulder) girdle
  • The arm
  • The forearm
  • The hand
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9
Q

What are the pectoral girdle bones?

A

Clavicle and scapula

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10
Q

What is the arm bone?

A

The humerus

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11
Q

What are the forearm bones?

A

The radius and ulna

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12
Q

What are the wrist bones?

A

Carpal bones

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13
Q

What are the bones of the main part of the hand?

A

Metacarpals

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14
Q

What are the bones of the digits, including the thumb?

A

Phalanges

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15
Q

What are the articulations of the clavicle?

A
  • Medial end articulates with the thoracic wall of the trunk at the manubrium
  • Lateral end articulates with the scapular acromion
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16
Q

What is the clavicle?

A
  • moveable structure which supprts the scapula and upper limb
  • site of muscle attachment
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17
Q

Label this diagram of the clavicle

A
  1. Acromial end
  2. Shaft
  3. Sternal end
  4. Sternal facet
  5. Impression for costoclavicular ligament
  6. Subclavian groove
  7. Trapezoid line
  8. Acromial facet
  9. Conoid tubercle
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18
Q

What is the scapula?

A
  • shoulder blade
  • triangular plate of bone
  • various bony features and fossae which act as sites of attachment for muscles and ligaments
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19
Q

Label this diagram of the scapula

A
  1. Supraspinous fossa
  2. Scapular spine
  3. Acromion
  4. Glenoid fossa
  5. Infraspinous process
  6. Subscapular fossa
  7. Coracoid process
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20
Q

What can be seen on the scapula’s anterior view?

A
  • acromion
  • coracoid process
  • glenoid fossa
  • subscapular fossa
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21
Q

What can be seen on the scapula’s posterior view?

A
  • supraspinous fossa
  • scapular spine
  • acromion
  • glenoid fossa
  • infraspinous fossa
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22
Q

What is the glenoid fossa?

A

Socket of the shoulder joint

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23
Q

What does the acromion articulate with?

A

The clavicle

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24
Q

What does the glenoid fossa articulate with?

A

Humoural head

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25
Q

What is the scapula held against?

A

The posterolateral thoracic wall

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26
Q

What is the humerus?

A

largest bone of the upper limb

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27
Q

What does the humerus articulate with?

A
  • glenoid fossa proximally to form shoulder joint
  • radius and ulna distally to form elbow joint
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28
Q

Label this diagram of the humerus

A
  1. Greater tubercle
  2. Intertubercular sulcus
  3. Lesser tubercle
  4. Lateral epicondyle
  5. Humerus shaft
  6. Medial epicondyle
  7. Deltoid tuberosity
  8. Radial groove
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29
Q

What connects the inner shafts of the radius and ulna?

A

Intraosseous membrane

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30
Q

What do the radius and ulna articulate with?

A
  • humerus proximally
  • carpal bones distally
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31
Q

How many rows of carpal bones are there and how many bones are in each row?

A

Two rows of four

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32
Q

What do the carpal bones articulate with?

A
  • proximal row (apart from pisiform) with radius and ulna
  • distal row with metacarpals
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33
Q

How are joints classified?

A
  • strucutal properties
  • mobility
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34
Q

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
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35
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

bones connected by fibrous connective tissue, e.g. sutures of skull

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36
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

bones connected with cartilage, e.g. pubic symphysis

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37
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  • primary (hyaline cartilage)
  • secondary (fibrocartilage)
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38
Q

What are synovial joints?

A
  • bones not directly connected at joint surfaces
  • articulation is surrounded by enclosing synovial capsule
  • generally covered in hyaline cartilage
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39
Q

What are the different types of synovial joints?

A
  • uniaxial (moves in one direction)
  • biaxial (moves in two planes)
  • multiaxial (moves in several planes)
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40
Q

What is the relationship between joint mobility and stability?

A

The more mobile a joint, the less stable it usually is

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41
Q

Which other structures provide stability to joints?

A

Ligaments and tendons

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42
Q

What is a ligament?

A

collagenous connective tissue linking bones

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43
Q

What is a tendon?

A

collagenous connective tissue between bones and muscles

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44
Q

What is a retinaculum?

A
  • thickened band of deep fascia found close to a joint
  • holds tendons down during muscle contraction to prevent bow-stringing
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45
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A
  • a flat, sheet-like structure formed from a tendon or ligament
  • can provide a broad attachment for a muscle which will distribute mechanical load over a larger area
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46
Q

What is a bursa?

A
  • a closed sac of a serous membrane
  • found at body sites that are subject to friction
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47
Q

What are the joints of the upper limb?

A
  • Sterno-clavicular joint (SCJ)
  • Acromio-clavicular joint (ACJ)
  • Gleno-Humeral joint (GHJ) (Shoulder joint)
  • Scapulo-thoracic joint (STJ)
  • Elbow joint
  • Wrist joint
  • Numerous joints in the hand
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48
Q

Describe the sternoclavicular joint

A
  • synovial saddle joint
    joint cavity divided by fibrous articular disc
  • stabilised with a number of ligaments
  • significant mobility during clavicle elevation and protraction/retraction of the scapula
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49
Q

Decribe the acromioclavicular joint

A
  • plane synovial joint between the lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion
  • rotation and some
    vertical and anterior/posterior (A/P) movements
50
Q

Describe the glenohumeral joint

A
  • ball-and-socket synovial joint
  • glenoid fossa is shallow, but slightly deepened by a cartilaginous labrum
  • highly mobile joint with wide range of movement
  • muscles required for joint stability
51
Q

Describe the elbow joint

A
  • synovial hinge joint
  • allows for flexion and extension of forearm
52
Q

Label the carpal bones

A
  1. Scaphoid
  2. Lunate
  3. Triquetrium
  4. Pisiform
  5. Trapezium
  6. Trapezoid
  7. Capitate
  8. Hamate
53
Q

Which carpal bones form the wrist joint at the articular disc?

A
  • scarphoid carpal bone
  • lunate carpal bone
  • triquetrum carpal bone
54
Q

What do the radius and ulna articulate with to form the wrist joint?

A
  • radius = articular disc
  • ulna = distal radio-ulnar joint (just proximal to wrist joint)
55
Q

What happens to the articular disc during pronation/supination?

A

Slides over the distal end of the ulna

56
Q

How many phalages does each digit have?

A

3 (aside from thumb, which has 2)

57
Q

What are the joints between the two rows of carpal bones?

A

Intercarpal joints

58
Q

What are the joints between the distal row of carpal bones and metacarpal bones?

A

Carpometacarpal joints

59
Q

What are the joints between the metacarpals and phalanges called?

A

Metacarpophalangeal joints

60
Q

What are the joints between the proximal and middle phalanges called?

A

Proximal interphalagneal joints

61
Q

What are the joints between the middle and distal phalanged called?

A

Distal interphalangeal joints

62
Q

What are the limb muscles divided into?

A

Compartments with:
- distinct function
- same nerve supply
- same blood supply
- connective tissue sepatae to separate them

63
Q

What are the compartments of the upper limb?

A
  • Pectoral girdle muscles
  • Intrinsic shoulder muscles
  • Anterior arm muscles
  • Posterior arm muscles
  • Anterior forearm muscles
  • Posterior forearm muscles
  • Intrinsic hand muscles
64
Q

Which upper limb muscles are flexors?

A
  • anterior arm muscles
  • anterior forearm muscles
65
Q

Which arm muscles are extensors?

A
  • posterior arm muscles
  • posterior forearm muscles
66
Q

Which muscles compartments act on the shoulder?

A
  • pectoral girdle muscles
  • intrinsic shoulder muscles
67
Q

Which muscles form the pectoral girdle?

A
  • trapezius
  • latissimus dorsi
  • serratus anterior
  • pectoralis major
68
Q

Which muscles form the intrinsic shoulder muscles?

A
  • deltoid
  • teres major
  • roatator cuff muscles
69
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A
  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • teres minor
  • subscapularis
70
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic shoulder muscles?

A
  • move the humerus at the shoulder joint
  • stabilise the shoulder joint by holding the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
71
Q

Lable this diagram of the pectoral girlde

A
  1. Serratus anterior
  2. Pectoralis major
  3. Trapezius
  4. Latissimus dorsi
72
Q

Label this diagram of the intrinsic shoulder muscles

A
  1. Deltoid
  2. Rotator cuff muscles
  3. Teres major
73
Q

What are the anterior muscles of the arm?

A
  • biceps brachii
  • coracobrachialis
  • brachialis
74
Q

What are the posterior muscles of the arm?

A
  • triceps brachii
  • anconeus
75
Q

What are the attachments of the deep forearm muscles?

A
  • distal humerus
  • radius and ulna
  • interosseous membrane
76
Q

What are the three compartments of the forearm?

A
  • superficial flexor
  • deep flexor
  • extensor
77
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What does flexor mean?

A

flexes at a joint

78
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What does extensor mean?

A

Extends at a joint

79
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What does capri mean?

A

Acts across the wrist

80
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What does radialis mean?

A

Acts of the radial aspect of the wrist

81
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What does ulnaris mean?

A

Acts on the ulnar aspect of the wrist

82
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What does digitorum mean?

A

Acts on a group of digits (excluding thumb)

83
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What does pollicis mean?

A

Acts only on thumb

84
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What does digiti minimi mean?

A

Acts only on the little finger

85
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What does indicis mean?

A

Acts only on index finger

86
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What do longus and brevis mean?

A

Long and short

87
Q

(Forearm) muscle terminology

What do superficialis and profundus mean?

A

Superficial and deep

88
Q

What is the thenar eminence of the hand?

A

prominence between the base of the thumb and the wrist containing small muscles acting on the thumb

89
Q

What is the hypothenar eminence of the hand?

A

prominence between the base of the little finger and the wrist containing small muscles acting on the little finger

90
Q

What are the different intrinsic muscle groups of the hand?

A
  • thenar muscles
  • adductor muscles
  • hypothenar muscles
  • interossei and lumbrical
91
Q

What do the four lumbrical muscles do?

A
  • flex metacarpal joints
  • extend interphalageal joints
92
Q

What do the three palmar interossei muscles do?

A

Adduct the digits (PAD)

92
Q

What do the four doral interossei muscles do?

A

Abduct the digits (DAB)

93
Q

Label the anterior arm muscles

A
  1. Biceps brachii
  2. Coracobrachialis
  3. Brachialis
94
Q

Label this diagram of the proximal humerus

A
  1. Anatomical neck
  2. Greater tuberosity
  3. Surgical neck
  4. Humeral head
  5. Intertubercular groove
  6. Lesser tuberosity
  7. Deltoid tuberosity
95
Q

Label this diagram of the distal humerus

A
  1. Olecranon fossa
  2. Lateral epicondyle
  3. Trochlea
  4. Medial epicondyle
  5. Coronoid fossa
  6. Radial fossa
  7. Capitulum
96
Q

Label this diagram of the bony landmarks of the radius and ulna

A
  1. Head of radius
  2. Radial tuberosity
  3. Olecranon
  4. Trochlear notch
  5. Coronoid process
97
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the trapezius?

A
  • origin = skull, spinous process C7-T12
  • insertion = clavicle, acromion and scapular spine
  • action = elevates shoulder by rotating the scapula
98
Q

What is the origin, insertion and action of the latissimus dorsi?

A
  • origin = spinous process T7-T12
  • insertion = intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
  • action, action = extension, adduction and medial rotation at shoulder
99
Q

What is the axilla?

A

Armpit

100
Q

What are the six boundaries of the axilla?

A

• Anterior wall - pectoralis major and minor
• Posterior wall - subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi
• Lateral wall - intertubercular groove of humerus
• Medial wall - serratus anterior and thoracic wall
• Apex - clavicle, first rib and scapula. It is the passage between the neck and axilla.
• Base - skin and fascia between the thoracic wall and arm

101
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the long head of the biceps brachii?

A
  • origin = supraglenoid tubercle
  • insertion = bicipital tendon to radial tuberosity and bicipital apomeurosis to cubital fossa
102
Q

What are the two heads of the biceps brachii and where do they join?

A
  • short and long head
  • fuse into bicipital tendon
103
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the brachialis?

A
  • origin = shaft of humerus
  • insertion = coronoid process of ulna
104
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the coracobrachialis?

A
  • origin = coracoid process of the scapula
  • insertion = shaft of humerus
105
Q

What are the three heads of the triceps brachii and what do they form?

A
  • long, medial and lateral head
  • fuse into triceps tendon
106
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the long head of the triceps brachii?

A
  • origin = infraglenoid tubercle
  • insertion = triceps tendon to the olecranon of the ulna
107
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii?

A
  • origin = humeral shaft
  • insertion = triceps tendon
108
Q

Label this diagram of the glenohumeral joint

A
  1. Clavicle
  2. Acromioclavicular joint
  3. Acromion
  4. Humerus
109
Q

What is 6?

A

Glenoid cavity

110
Q

What are the four forearm muscles in the superficial layer from lateral to medial?

A
  1. Protonator teres
  2. Flexor carpi radialis
  3. Palmaris longus
  4. Flexor carpi ulnaris
111
Q

What is the origin of the superficial forearm muscles?

A

Common flexor origin at medial epicondyle or humerus

112
Q

What are the three deep anterior forearm muscles?

A
113
Q

What is the intermediate forearm muscle?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

114
Q

What are the three borders of the cubital fossa?

A
  • lateral = bracioradialis (posterior forearm muscle)
  • medial = pronatar teres
  • superior = line between lateral and medial epicondyle of humerus
115
Q

What is the origin of the posterior forearm muscles?

A
  • common extensor origin
  • found at lateral epicondyle of humerus for all muscles except brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus
116
Q

Label this diagram of the elbow joint

A
  1. Head of radius
  2. Capitulum
  3. Medial epicondyle
  4. Coranoid process
  5. Olecranon
117
Q

Describe the wrist joint

A
  • radiocarpal joint
  • synovial joint
  • between proximal carpal bones and distal ends of radius and ulna
118
Q

What are the attachments of the extrinsic hand muscles?

A
  • proximal = forearm
  • distal = hand
119
Q

What are the attachements of the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

A

Both proximal and distal in hand

120
Q

Label this diagram

A
  1. Hypothenar eminence
  2. Thenar eminence
  3. Lumbricals
  4. Dorsal interossei
  5. Palmar interossei

anatomy 1b (9 decks)

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