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Anatomy 1b > Limbs 2 > Flashcards

Limbs 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A
  • multi-segmental peripheral nerves
  • formed by the merging and splitting of peripheral spinal nerve roots
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2
Q

What are the 3 nerve plexuses?

A
  • cerival plexus
  • brachial plexus
  • lumbo-sacral plexus (split into lumbar plexus and sacral plexus)
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3
Q

What is the upper limb innervated by?

A

Brachial plexus

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4
Q

What is the lower limb innervated by?

A

Lumbo-sacral plexus

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5
Q

What are the 5 roots of the brachial plexus?

A

C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1

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6
Q

What are the 3 trunks of the brachial plexus and which roots are they formed from?

A
  • superior trunk (C5 and C6)
  • middle trunk (C7)
  • inferior trunk (C8, T1)
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7
Q

What do each of the trunks divide into?

A

Anterior and posterior divisions, making 6 divisions in total

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8
Q

What are the 3 cords of the brachial plexus and what do they form from?

A
  • lateral cord (anterior division of superior and medial trunk)
  • medial cord (anterior division of inferior trunk)
  • posterior cord (all three posterior divisions)
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9
Q

How are the cords of the brachial plexus named?

A

According to their relationship to the axillary artery

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10
Q

What are the two main groups of nerves from the brachial plexus?

A
  • supraclavicular branch (branch from the roots and the trunks)
  • infraclavicular nerves (branches from distal part of BP to pectoral girdle muscles and the main peripheral nerves)
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11
Q

What are the two sub-groups of the infraclavicular nerves?

A
  • side branches
  • large terminal branches
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12
Q

Which nerves make up the brachial plexus? (14/16)

A
  • dorsal scapular nerve
  • nerve to subclavius
  • suprascapular nerve
  • lateral pectoral nerve
  • thoracodorsal nerve
  • musculocutaneous nerve
  • axillary nerve
  • radial nerve
  • median nerve
  • ulnar nerve
  • medial cutaneous nerves of arm and forearm
  • medial pectoral nerve
  • upper and lower subscapular nerves
  • long thoracic nerve
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13
Q

What is the musculocutaneous nerve?

A
  • terminal branch of the lateral cord
  • muscluar innervation to anterior muscles of the arm
  • cutaneous innervation of the lateral forearm
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14
Q

What is the route of the musculocutaneous nerve?

A
  • exits the axilla to enter anterior arm
  • pierces coracobrachalis to reach biceps and brachalis
  • crosses elbow joint to innervate lateral arm
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15
Q

What is the ulnar nerve?

A
  • terminal branch of the medial cord
  • cutaneous innervation of the medial hand
  • passes behind medial epicondyle of the humerus where it can be easily damaged
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16
Q

What is the route of the ulnar nerve?

A
  • travels posteriorly to medial epicondyle of the humerus
  • branches to medial forearm muscles
  • crosses wrist to enter hand
  • branches to intrinsic hand muscles
17
Q

What is the median nerve?

A
  • from the lateral and medial cords
  • innervates most of the anterior forearm muscles and some intrinsic hand muscles
  • cutaneous innervation of the lateral palmar hand and 3.5 digits
  • commonly damaged at wrist and in distal arm
18
Q

What is the route of the median nerve?

A
  • runs medially in arm
  • crosses elbow joint and branches to anterior forearm muscles
  • crosses the wrist and enters hand through carpal tunnel
  • branches to intrinsic hand muscles
19
Q

What is the axillary nerve?

A
  • from posterior cord
  • innervates deltoid muscles and upper lateral aspect of the arm
20
Q

What is the radial nerve?

A
  • innervates triceps brachii and posterior forearm muscles
  • cutaneous branches in the arm and forearm
  • cutaneous innervation of the lateral dorsum of hand and lateral posterior 3.5 digits
21
Q

What are the two branches of the radial nerve?

A
  • superficial branch (cutaneous innervation of the dorsolateral hand)
  • deep branch (motor supply to the posterior forearm muscles)
22
Q

Which three nerves provide sensory innervation to the hand?

A
  • median, radial and ulnar nerves
  • median nerve supplies lateral anterior 3.5 digits
  • ulnar nerve supplies medial 1.5 digits
  • radial nerve supplies medial posterior surfaceof hand
23
Q

Where does most of the blood supply to the upper limb come from?

A
  • left and right subclavian arteries
  • branch of the aortic arch
  • becomes axillary artery when it enters the arm
24
Q

What are some branches of the axillary artery?

A
  • circumflex humeral arteries
  • brachial artery
25
Q

What is the brachial artery?

A
  • main blood supply to arm
  • largest branch = profundus brachii artery
  • crosses elbow joint into forearm where it divides into the radial and ulnar arteries
26
Q

What does the ulnar artery branch into?

A

Anterior and posterior interosseous arteries

27
Q

Which arteries supply the scapula?

A
  • Scapular arteries
  • anastamose to provide sufficient constant supply
28
Q

What happens when the arteries of the forearm cross the wrist?

A

They form arterial arches

29
Q

Which arches do the radial and ulnar arteries form in the hand?

A

Superficial and deep palmar arches

30
Q

What does the posterior interosseous artery form in the hand?

A

Deep dorsal arch

31
Q

Which blood vessels supply the digits?

A

Palmar and doral digital arteries

32
Q

What are the two types of venous return in the upper limbs?

A
  • deep venous return (accompanying arteries)
  • superficial venous return (on the limb surface)
33
Q

What are the deep veins of the upper limb?

A
  • subclavian vein
  • axillary vein
  • brachial vein
  • anterior and posterior circumflex humeral veins
  • profundus brachii veins
  • radial and ulnar veins
  • posterior interosseous vein
34
Q

How are the deep veins of the upper limb structures?

A

Venae comitantes (VC)

35
Q

What are venae comitantes?

A
  • accompanying veins
  • multuple veins forming a network of smaller veins with accompanying arteries
  • connect with each other
  • allow heat exchange
  • artery pulse promotes venous flow
36
Q

What is the pattern of superficial venous return?

A
  • small veins in digits drain into superficial venous network on dorsum of the hand
  • form basilic and cephalic veins at wrist which run up the limb
37
Q

How do the basilic and cephalic veins run?

A
  • basilic vein runs medially
  • cephalic vein runs laterally
  • connected by the median cubital vein at elbow joint in most people
  • drain into the axillary vei
38
Q

How does the lymphatic drainage of the upper limb work?

A
  • lymphatic vessels run with the veins
  • cubital nodes drain distal limb
  • axillary nodes drain limb and breast

Anatomy 1b (9 decks)

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