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Anatomy 1b > Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum 2 > Flashcards

Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the liver an intraperitoneal organ?

A

it is covered on all sides by visceral peritoneum

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2
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  • clears the blood of harmful substances e.g alcohol
  • produces cholesterol
  • converts glucose to glycogen to aid with its storage
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3
Q

How does the liver aid digestion?

A
  • Produces bile
  • Bile aids with the break down of dietary fats and also assists with carrying waste out of the liver
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4
Q

What is the arterial supply of the liver?

A

Right and left hepatic arteries

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5
Q

What is the innervation of the liver?

A
  • sympathetic = coeliac plexus
  • parasympathetic = vagus fibres
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6
Q

What are the four lobes of the liver?

A

Right, left, quadrate and caudate

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7
Q

How many functional segments does the liver have?

A

8

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8
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

The highest part of the right abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm (RUQ)

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9
Q

What are the attachments of the liver?

A

Ligaments made of peritoneum

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10
Q

Where does the falciform ligament run from?

A

From the highest part of the liver to the hepatic notch (anterior border)

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11
Q

What is the falciform ligament?

A
  • two layers of peritoneum
  • anchors surface of liver to the abdominal wall and diaphragm
  • demarcates the left and right lobes
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12
Q

Label this diagram

A
  1. Left lobe
  2. Falciform ligament
  3. Right lobe
  4. Gall bladder
  5. Inferior margin
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13
Q

What are the other ligaments of the liver?

A
  • left and right triangular ligament
  • coronary ligament
  • ligamentum teres
  • round ligament
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14
Q

What is the hilum/porta hepatis of the liver?

A

the site at which the hepatic portal vein, proper hepatic artery and the common hepatic duct enter/leave the liver

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15
Q

What is Glisson’s capsule?

A
  • dense connective tissue layer underneath the visceral peritoneum of the liver
  • pain from here is very well localised
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16
Q

What happens when the Glisson’s capsule is stretched?

A

Sharp pain over the right upper quadrant

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17
Q

What are the two surfaces of the liver?

A
  • diaphragmatic (anterior)
  • visceral (posterior)
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18
Q

What is the bare area of the liver?

A
  • area that is not covered in peritoneum
  • between liver and diaphragm
  • borders are anterior and posterior coronary ligaments and left and right triangular ligaments
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19
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

Storage site for bile

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20
Q

What type of organ is the gallbladder?

A

Intraperitoneal

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21
Q

What are the relations of the gallbladder?

A
  • fundus projects below lower margin of the liver in line with the 9th costal cartilage
  • in contact with the transverse colon and descending duodenum posteriorly
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22
Q

What is the blood supply of the gallbladder?

A
  • cystic artery (branch of the right hepatic artery)
  • cystic vein (drains directly into the hepatic portal vein)
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23
Q

Where is a gallstone most likely to become lodged in the gallbladder

A

Neck due to its narrow diameter

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24
Q

How does billiary colic present?

A

sharp pain in the epigastric and/or right hypochondrium region

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25
Q

What is the biliary tree?

A

series of ducts which stem from the liver and gallbladder to move bile towards the duodenum

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26
Q

What does the biliary tree join with?

A

Main pandreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla

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27
Q

What is the function of the hepatopancratic ampulla?

A

Combines bile and pancreatic enzymes which are then drained into the descending duodenum

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28
Q

Label this diagram of the porta hepatis

A
  1. Hepatic duct
  2. Bile duct
  3. Portal artery
  4. Portal vein
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29
Q

How does bile leave the liver?

A

through the right and left hepatic ducts, which merge to form the common hepatic duct

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30
Q

Which ducts transport bile out of the gallbladder?

A

Cystic duct

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31
Q

Which ducts form the common bile duct

A

Common hepatic duct and cystic duct

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32
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

Endocrine and exocrine digestive organ

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33
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A
  • epigastric region and upper left quadrant
  • transpyloric plane (L1-L2) behind stomach
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34
Q

Label 1-5

A
  1. Left lobe
  2. Hepatic portal vein
  3. Right proper hepatic artery
  4. Caudate lobe
  5. Left proper hepatic artery
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35
Q

Label 6-10

A
  1. Common hepatic duct
  2. Fissure of round ligament
  3. Gallbladder
  4. Quadrate lobe
  5. Right lobe
36
Q

What is the hepatopancreatic duct?

A

Joining of the pancreatic and bile ducts

37
Q

What does the hepatopancreatic duct drain into?

A

Duodenum via the major duodenal papilla

38
Q

Is the pancreas retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal apart from tail

39
Q

Label 1-5

A
  1. Tail
  2. Body
  3. Neck
  4. Head
  5. Uncinate process
40
Q

Label 6-10

A
  1. Main pancreatic duct
  2. Major duodenal papilla
  3. Duodenum
  4. Common bile duct
  5. Main pancreatic duct
41
Q

Label 11-14

A
  1. Hepatopancreatic ampulla
  2. Descending duodenum
  3. Major duodenal papilla
  4. Hepatopancreatic sphincter
42
Q

What is the blood supply of the head of the pancreas?

A

Superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

43
Q

What are the features of pain from the pancreas?

A
  • poorly localised
  • often referred to the back
  • often confused with pain from stomach or transverse colon
44
Q

What can cancer at the head of the pancreas cause?

A
  • obstructive jaundice
  • tumour can compress the bile duct, backing up the biliary tree
45
Q

What is the spleen?

A
  • lymphoid organ
  • not an accessory organ of the GIT (doesn’t aid with digestion)
46
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A
  • left hypochondrium, posterior to stomach
  • in front of left ribs 9-11
47
Q

Can you live without a spleen?

A

Yes, many of its functions are carried out by the liver

48
Q

Is the spleen intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

49
Q

What is the spleen attached to and how?

A
  • stomach and left kidney
  • gastrosplenic and splenorenal ligaments
50
Q

Label the diagram

A
  1. Superior border
  2. Inferior border
  3. Splenic artery
  4. Splenic vein
51
Q

Where does the blood supply to the abdominal organs come from?

A
  • Abdominal aorta (continuation of thoracic aorta)
  • Inferior vena cava
52
Q

Are the abdominal aorta and IVC intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

53
Q

Where are the abdominal aorta and IVC located?

A
  • abdominal aorta is slightly left of the midline
  • IVC is slightly right of the midline
54
Q

Where does the abdominal aorta enter the abdominal cavity?

A

T12, behind the diaphragm

55
Q

What are the three main branches of the abdominal aorta?

A
  • coeliac trunk (foregut)
  • superior mesenteric artery (midgut)
  • inferior mesenteric artery (hindgut)
56
Q

What does the coeliac trunk divide into?

A
  • left gastric artery
  • splenic artery
  • common hepatic artery
  • superior pancreaticoduoedenal artery
57
Q

What does the common hepatic artery divide into?

A
  • gastroduodenal artery
  • proper hepatic artery
58
Q

What can a ruptured ulcer in the stomach or first part of the duodenum cause?

A
  • can erode through the organ walls and rupture nearby gastroduodenal artery
  • leads to large amount of bleeding in the peritoneal cavity
59
Q

What level does the coeliac trunk arise from?

A

T12

60
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery branch into?

A
  • inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
  • jejunal and ileal arteries
  • right colic artery
  • middle colic artery
61
Q

What does the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery supply?

A
  • head of pancreas
  • duodenum
62
Q

What does the right colic artery supply?

A

Ascending colon

63
Q

What does the middle colic artery supply?

A

Transverse colon

64
Q

What do the ileal and jejunal arteries give rise to?

A
  • arterial arcades
  • anastamose with each other
  • lie within the mesentery of the small intestine
65
Q

Where does the superior mesenteric artery arise from?

A

L1

66
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric artery branch into?

A
  • left colic artey
  • sigmoid artery
  • superior rectal artery
67
Q

Where does the inferior mesenteric artery arise from?

A

L3

68
Q

What is the marginal artery?

A
  • anastomosis of superior and inferior mesenteric artery
  • blood supply for watershed area of transverse colon
69
Q

Which branch of the abdominal artery is largest?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

70
Q

What are the two venous drainage pathways for the abdominal organs?

A

Portal venous system and systemic venous system

71
Q

What is the hepatic portal venous system?

A
  • Drains blood from GIT and associated organs
  • Drains into liver at porta hepatis and then into inferior vena cava
72
Q

Which veins drain foregut, midgut and hindgut organs?

A
  • foregut = splenic vein
  • midgut = superior mesenteric vein
  • hindgut = inferior mesenteric vein
73
Q

What is the layout of the portal venous system?

A
  • splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein join behind neck of pancreas to form hepatic portal vein
  • inferior mesenteric vein drains into splenic vein behind neck of pancreas
74
Q

What is the systemic venous system?

A
  • Venous drainage for kidneys, adrenal glands and gonads
  • Drains straight into inferior vena cava
75
Q

Why does blood from the systemic venous system not need to be processed by the liver?

A
  • kidney filters blood
  • adrenal glands and gonads need the hormones they produce to enter systemic circulation in order to reach their target organs
76
Q

What are portosystemic anastomoses?

A
  • sites of communication between portal and systemic venous systems
  • provide alternate route for venous drainage if there is a blockage in the portal venous system
  • allows blood to still be returned to the heart via the IVC
77
Q

What is the danger of portosystemic anastomoses?

A
  • blood from the GIT needs to processed by the liver to remove harmful/waste substances
  • anastomoses allow these substances to enter heart and systemic circulation
78
Q

Label 1-4

A
  1. Left adrenal vein
  2. Left renal vein
  3. Left testicular vein
  4. Left common iliac vein
79
Q

Which lymphatic nodes drain abdominal organs?

A

Pre-aortic lymph nodes

80
Q

Label this diagram

A
  1. peritoneum
  2. stomach
  3. gastrospenic ligament
  4. spleen
  5. splenorenal ligament
  6. left kidney
81
Q

Label this diagram

A
  1. left gastric artery
  2. coeliac trunk
  3. common hepatic artery
  4. splenic artery
82
Q

Label this diagram

A
  1. superior mesenteric artery
  2. jejunal and ileal arteries
  3. middle colic artery
  4. right colic artery
  5. ileocolic artery
83
Q

Label this diagram

A
  1. marginal artery
  2. left colic artery
  3. sigmoid artery
  4. middle colic artery
  5. right colic artery
  6. ileocolic artery
84
Q

Label this diagram

A
  1. splenic vein
  2. inferior mesenteric vein
  3. portal vein
  4. superior mesenteric vein
    All with tributaries
85
Q

Label this diagram

A
  1. left adrenal vein
  2. left renal vein
  3. left testicular vein
  4. left common iliac vein
  5. hepatic veins
  6. inferior vena cava
  7. right renal vein
  8. right testicular vein
86
Q

Label 1-10

A
  1. falciform ligament
  2. caudate lobe
  3. inferior vena cava
  4. suprarenal impression
  5. bare area
  6. anterior coronary ligament
  7. posterior coronary ligament
  8. right triangular ligament
  9. renal impression
  10. right lobe of liver
87
Q

Label 11-21

A
  1. neck
  2. body
  3. fundus
  4. gallbladder
  5. colic impression
  6. quadrate lobe
  7. porta hepatis
  8. oesophageal impression
  9. left lobe
  10. gastric impression
  11. left triangular ligament

Anatomy 1b (9 decks)

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