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Anatomy 1b > Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum 1 > Flashcards

Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are four quadrants of the chest wall?

A
  • right upper
  • left upper
  • right lower
  • left lower
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2
Q

What are the nine regions of the abdomen (top to bottom, right to left)?

A
  • right hypochondriac
  • epigastric region
  • left hypochondriac
  • right lumbar
  • umbilical region
  • left lumbar
  • right iliac
  • hypogastric region
  • left iliac
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3
Q

Label 1-6

A
  1. Rectus abdominis
  2. Inferior epigastric artery and vein
  3. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
  4. Linea alba
  5. Internal abdominal oblique muscle
  6. Spermatic cord
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4
Q

Label 1-6

A
  1. Thoracoabdominal nerve
  2. Posterior rectus sheath
  3. Transverse abdominal muscle
  4. Arcuate line
  5. Inferior epigastric artery
  6. Inguinal ligament
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5
Q

What forms the rectus sheath?

A

Aponeuroses of the lateral sheet muscles

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6
Q

What envelops the anterior rectus abdominis?

A

Rectus sheath

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7
Q

INSERT IMAGE OF RECTUS SHEATH TO LABEL

A
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8
Q

What forms the inguinal ligament?

A

External oblique aponeurosis

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9
Q

Label 1-3

A
  1. Inguinal ligament
  2. Ilioinguinal nerve
  3. Superficial inguinal ring
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10
Q

Where is the deep inguinal ring located?

A

Above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament and lateral to the epigastric vessels. Formed by the transversalis fascia

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11
Q

Where is the superficial inguinal ring located?

A

Superior to the pubic tubercle. Made by fibres of the external oblique muscle.

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12
Q

Where is the mid-inguinal point located?

A

Halfway between the anterosuperior iliac spine (ASIS) and the pubic symphisis

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13
Q

What are the contents of the inguinal canal?

A
  • spermatic cord in men
  • round ligament of the uterus in women
  • iliolinguinal nerve
  • genital branch of the gentifemoral nerve
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14
Q

What is the terminal end of the inguinal canal?

A

Superficial inguinal ring

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15
Q

Label 1-4

A
  1. Skin
  2. Superficial fatty fascia (Camper’s fascia)
  3. Superficial membraneous fascia (Scarpa’s fascia
  4. External oblique
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16
Q

What are the walls of the inguinal canal?

A
  • anterior = external oblique aponeurosis
  • posterior = transversalis fascia
  • roof = internal oblique
  • floor = inguinal ligament
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17
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

Abnormal exit of abdominopelvic contents through the superficial inguinal ring

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18
Q

What is a direct inguinal hernia?

A
  • bulge is medial to inferior epigastric artery
  • doesnt go through deep inguinal ring
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19
Q

What is an indirect inguinal hernia?

A
  • bulge is lateral to the inferior epigastric artery
  • goes through deep inguinal ring
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20
Q

Label 5-9

A
  1. Internal oblique
  2. Transversus abdominis
  3. Transversalis fascia
  4. Parietal peritoneum
  5. Extraperitoneal fascia
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21
Q

What is the innervation of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

T6-T12
Ilioingual and iliohypogastric nerves

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22
Q

What is the blood supply of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

Superior and inferior epigastric arteries and veins

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23
Q

Label 1-6

A
  1. Ilium
  2. Ischium
  3. Sacrum
  4. Pubic symphysis
  5. Anterior superior iliac spine
  6. Iliac crest
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24
Q

Label 1,3,5,6

A
  1. Quadratus lumborum
  2. Iliacus
  3. Iliohypogastric nerve
  4. Ilioinguinal nerve
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25
Label 1-5
1. Diaphragm 2. Psoas major 3. Psoas minor 4. Iliacus 5. Inguinal ligament
26
Label 6-10
6. Pubic crest 7. Pectineal line 8. Lesser trochanter 9. Greater trochanter 10. Anterior superior iliac spine
27
Label 11-14
11. Sacrum 12. Iliac fossa 13. Iliac crest 14. Quadratus lumborum
28
Label 2,3,6
2. Quadratus lumborum 3. Psoas minor 6. Psoas major
29
What is the innervation of the posterior abdominal wall?
Quadratus lumborum = T12-L5 spinal nerves Iliopsoas = lumbar plexus
30
What is the blood supply of the posterior abdominal wall?
Aorta and IVC
31
Which muscles make up the iliopsoas group?
Iliacus and psoas major and minor
32
Label 1-5
1. Liver 2. Stomach 3. Transverse colon 4. Small intestine 5. Cecum
33
Label 1-4
1. Duodenum 2. Ascending colon 3. Cecum 4. Rectum
34
Label 5-8
5. Transverse colon 6. Jejunum with serosa 7. Sigmoid colon 8. Ileum
35
Label 1-5
1. Superior duodenum 2. Major duodenal papilla 3. Descending duodenum 4. Inferior duodenum 5. Ascending Duodenum
36
Label 1 and 2
1. Ileocaecal junction 2. Veriform appendix
37
Label 1-5
1. Cardiac region 2. Fundus 3. Rugae 4. Body 5. Greater curvature
38
Label 6-10
6. Pyloric antrum 7. Pyloric sphincter 8. Lesser curvature 9. Abdominal oesophagus 10. Gastro-oesophageal junction
39
Which gastrointestinal structures arise from the foregut?
Distal oesophagus Gastro-oesophageal junction Stomach Pyloric sphincter Superior and descending duodenum
40
Which gastrointestinal structures arise from the midgut?
Major duodenal papilla Inferior and ascending duodenum Duodeno-jejunal flexure Jejunum Ileum Ileocaecal junction Caecum Appendix Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
41
Which gastrointestinal structures arise from the hindgut?
Distal 1/3 of transverse colon Splenic flexure of colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Superior rectum
42
What marks the end of the foregut?
Major duodenal papilla
43
What is the order of sheet muscles of the abdomen from outer to inner?
1. external oblique 2. internal oblique 3. transversus abdominis
44
What is the function of the abdominal sheet muscles?
- flexion of the trunk - guard the viscera within the abdomen and pelvis
45
Describe the external oblique muscles.
- travel inferomedially - becomes the aponeurosis medially - lower border of the external oblique aponeurosis forms the inguinal ligament on each side
46
What is the origin and insertion of the external oblique?
- origin = ribs 5-12 - insertion = iliac crest and pubic tubercle
47
What is the function of the external oblique?
Contralateral rotation of the torso
48
What is the aponeurosis?
Flat sheet of tendon that anchors muscle
49
Describe the internal oblique?
- travels superomedially - smaller and thinner than the external oblique - becomes aponeurosis medially
50
What is the origin and insertion of the internal oblique?
- origin = inguinal ligament, iliac crest, lumbardorsal fascia - insertion = ribs 10-12
51
What is the function of the internal oblique?
- bilateral contraction compresses abdomen - unilateral contraction rotates the torso ipsilaterally
52
Describe the transversus abdominis
- travels transversely - becomes aponeurosis medially - covers the transversalis fascia
53
What is the origin and insertion of the transversus abdominis?
- origin = inguinal ligament, costal cartilage 7-12, iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia - insertion = conjoint tendon, xiphoid process, linea alba and pubic crest
54
What is the function of the transversus abdominis?
Compresses abdominal contents to raise intra-abdominal pressure
55
Describe the rectus abdominis
- split transversely by the linea alba - lateral borders make surface marking linea semilunaris - has tendinous intersections in several places to creat six pack appearance
56
What is the origin and insertion of the rectus abdominis?
- origin = crest of the pubis - insertion = xiphoid process and costal cartilage 5-7
57
What is the function of the rectus abdominis?
- compression of abdominal viscera - stabilises the pelvis during walking - depresses the ribs
58
What is the pyramidalis muscle?
- small triangular muscle - superficial to the rectus abdominis - tenses the linea alba
59
Describe the psoas major
- lateral to the lumbar vertebrae - runs deep in the inguinal ligament
60
What is the origin and insertion of the psoas major?
- origin = transverse process and vertebral bodies T12-L5 - insertion = lesser trochanter of femur
61
What is the function of the psoas major?
- flexion of thigh at the hip - lateral flexion of the vertebral column
62
Describe the psoas minor
- only present in 60% of the population - also aids in flexion of the vertebral column
63
Describe the iliacus
- fan shaped - fuses with psoas major to form the iliopsoas
64
What is the origin and insertion of the iliacus?
- origin = surface of the iliac fascia, AIIS - insertion = lesser troachanter of femur (merging with psoas)
65
What i the function of the iliacus?
Flexion and lateral rotation of thigh at the hip joint
66
What is the origin and insertion of the quadratus lumborum?
- origin = iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament - insertion = transverse process L1-L4 and inferior border of 12th rib
67
What is the function of the quadratus lumborum?
Extension and lateral flexion of the vertebral column
68
Which muscles make up the posterior wall of the abdomen?
- psoas major - psoas minor - transversus abdominis - iliacus - quadratus lumborum
69
When does the primitive gut develop in utero?
3-4 weeks
70
What is referred pain?
Pain sensed by peritoneal viscera is poorly localised, referred based on embryological origin of organ
71
Where is foregut pain felt?
Epigastric region
72
Where is midgut pain felt?
Umbilical region
73
Where is hindgut pain felt?
Hypogastric region
74
What is the peritoneum?
- serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity - secretes serous fluid - formed of mesothelium and connective tissue
75
What are the two layers of the peritoneum?
- parietal, lining abdominal wall - visceral, lining the suspended organs
76
What is the mesentery?
- double fold of the peritoneum - attaches suspended intraperitoneal organs to the posterior abdominal wall - has nerves and vessels passing through
77
What are retroperitoneal organs?
Organs attached to the posterior abdominal wall which are covered in parietal peritoneum
78
What are the intraperitoneal organs?
Organs which are suspended within the peritoneum, covered in visceral peritoneum. They are attached to the abdominal wall by the mesentery
79
Name the retroperitoneal organs
- Suprarenal gland - Aorta/IVC - Duodenum - Pancreas (head, neck and body) - Ureters - Colon (ascending and descending) - Kidneys - Esophagus - Rectum
80
Name the intraperitoneal organs
- Stomach - Appendix - Liver - Transverse colon - Duodenum - Small intestines - Pancreas (tail) - Rectum - Spleen - Sigmoid colon
81
What is the omentum?
- apron-like fold of visceral peritoneum - greater and lesser part
82
What are the attachments of the greater omentum?
- greater curvature of the stomach - transverse colon
83
What are the attachments of the lesser omentum?
- liver - lesser curvature of the stomach - 1st part of duodenum
84
What is the duodenum?
- continuation of the pylorus - C shaped, wraps around head of pancreas - major duodenal papilla in the descending part
85
What are the four parts of the duodenum?
- superior - descending - inferior - ascending
86
What is the jejuno-ileum?
- distal part of the small intestine - made up of jejunum and ileum - begins at duodenojejunal flexure - ends at ileocaecal junction - attached to posterior abdominal wall by mesentery
87
Where is the jejunum located?
Upper left quadrant
88
Where is the ileum located?
Lower right quadrant
89
What are the four segments of the large intestine?
- caecum - colon - rectum - anal canal
90
What are the four parts of the colon?
- ascending - descending - transverse - sigmoid
91
What are teniae coli?
- smooth muscles on the colon wall - contract and shorten colon - forms haustra in the colon
92
What are haustra?
saccules in the colon that give it its segmented appearance
93
What are arterial arcades?
a series of anastomosing arterial arches between the arterial branches of the jejunum and ileum
94
What are vasa recta?
straight arteries arising from arterial arcades in the mesentery of the jejunum and ileum that supply the jejunum and ileum
95
Label this diagram
1. Vasa recta 2. Arterial arcades

Anatomy 1b (9 decks)

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