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Anatomy 1b > Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum 1 > Flashcards

Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are four quadrants of the chest wall?

A
  • right upper
  • left upper
  • right lower
  • left lower
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2
Q

What are the nine regions of the abdomen (top to bottom, right to left)?

A
  • right hypochondriac
  • epigastric region
  • left hypochondriac
  • right lumbar
  • umbilical region
  • left lumbar
  • right iliac
  • hypogastric region
  • left iliac
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3
Q

Label 1-6

A
  1. Rectus abdominis
  2. Inferior epigastric artery and vein
  3. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
  4. Linea alba
  5. Internal abdominal oblique muscle
  6. Spermatic cord
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4
Q

Label 1-6

A
  1. Thoracoabdominal nerve
  2. Posterior rectus sheath
  3. Transverse abdominal muscle
  4. Arcuate line
  5. Inferior epigastric artery
  6. Inguinal ligament
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5
Q

What forms the rectus sheath?

A

Aponeuroses of the lateral sheet muscles

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6
Q

What envelops the anterior rectus abdominis?

A

Rectus sheath

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7
Q

INSERT IMAGE OF RECTUS SHEATH TO LABEL

A
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8
Q

What forms the inguinal ligament?

A

External oblique aponeurosis

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9
Q

Label 1-3

A
  1. Inguinal ligament
  2. Ilioinguinal nerve
  3. Superficial inguinal ring
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10
Q

Where is the deep inguinal ring located?

A

Above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament and lateral to the epigastric vessels. Formed by the transversalis fascia

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11
Q

Where is the superficial inguinal ring located?

A

Superior to the pubic tubercle. Made by fibres of the external oblique muscle.

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12
Q

Where is the mid-inguinal point located?

A

Halfway between the anterosuperior iliac spine (ASIS) and the pubic symphisis

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13
Q

What are the contents of the inguinal canal?

A
  • spermatic cord in men
  • round ligament of the uterus in women
  • iliolinguinal nerve
  • genital branch of the gentifemoral nerve
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14
Q

What is the terminal end of the inguinal canal?

A

Superficial inguinal ring

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15
Q

Label 1-4

A
  1. Skin
  2. Superficial fatty fascia (Camper’s fascia)
  3. Superficial membraneous fascia (Scarpa’s fascia
  4. External oblique
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16
Q

What are the walls of the inguinal canal?

A
  • anterior = external oblique aponeurosis
  • posterior = transversalis fascia
  • roof = internal oblique
  • floor = inguinal ligament
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17
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

Abnormal exit of abdominopelvic contents through the superficial inguinal ring

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18
Q

What is a direct inguinal hernia?

A
  • bulge is medial to inferior epigastric artery
  • doesnt go through deep inguinal ring
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19
Q

What is an indirect inguinal hernia?

A
  • bulge is lateral to the inferior epigastric artery
  • goes through deep inguinal ring
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20
Q

Label 5-9

A
  1. Internal oblique
  2. Transversus abdominis
  3. Transversalis fascia
  4. Parietal peritoneum
  5. Extraperitoneal fascia
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21
Q

What is the innervation of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

T6-T12
Ilioingual and iliohypogastric nerves

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22
Q

What is the blood supply of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

Superior and inferior epigastric arteries and veins

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23
Q

Label 1-6

A
  1. Ilium
  2. Ischium
  3. Sacrum
  4. Pubic symphysis
  5. Anterior superior iliac spine
  6. Iliac crest
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24
Q

Label 1,3,5,6

A
  1. Quadratus lumborum
  2. Iliacus
  3. Iliohypogastric nerve
  4. Ilioinguinal nerve
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25
Q

Label 1-5

A
  1. Diaphragm
  2. Psoas major
  3. Psoas minor
  4. Iliacus
  5. Inguinal ligament
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26
Q

Label 6-10

A
  1. Pubic crest
  2. Pectineal line
  3. Lesser trochanter
  4. Greater trochanter
  5. Anterior superior iliac spine
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27
Q

Label 11-14

A
  1. Sacrum
  2. Iliac fossa
  3. Iliac crest
  4. Quadratus lumborum
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28
Q

Label 2,3,6

A
  1. Quadratus lumborum
  2. Psoas minor
  3. Psoas major
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29
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Quadratus lumborum = T12-L5 spinal nerves
Iliopsoas = lumbar plexus

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30
Q

What is the blood supply of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Aorta and IVC

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31
Q

Which muscles make up the iliopsoas group?

A

Iliacus and psoas major and minor

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32
Q

Label 1-5

A
  1. Liver
  2. Stomach
  3. Transverse colon
  4. Small intestine
  5. Cecum
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33
Q

Label 1-4

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Ascending colon
  3. Cecum
  4. Rectum
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34
Q

Label 5-8

A
  1. Transverse colon
  2. Jejunum with serosa
  3. Sigmoid colon
  4. Ileum
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35
Q

Label 1-5

A
  1. Superior duodenum
  2. Major duodenal papilla
  3. Descending duodenum
  4. Inferior duodenum
  5. Ascending Duodenum
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36
Q

Label 1 and 2

A
  1. Ileocaecal junction
  2. Veriform appendix
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37
Q

Label 1-5

A
  1. Cardiac region
  2. Fundus
  3. Rugae
  4. Body
  5. Greater curvature
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38
Q

Label 6-10

A
  1. Pyloric antrum
  2. Pyloric sphincter
  3. Lesser curvature
  4. Abdominal oesophagus
  5. Gastro-oesophageal junction
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39
Q

Which gastrointestinal structures arise from the foregut?

A

Distal oesophagus
Gastro-oesophageal junction
Stomach
Pyloric sphincter
Superior and descending duodenum

40
Q

Which gastrointestinal structures arise from the midgut?

A

Major duodenal papilla
Inferior and ascending duodenum
Duodeno-jejunal flexure
Jejunum
Ileum
Ileocaecal junction
Caecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Hepatic flexure
Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

41
Q

Which gastrointestinal structures arise from the hindgut?

A

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon
Splenic flexure of colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Superior rectum

42
Q

What marks the end of the foregut?

A

Major duodenal papilla

43
Q

What is the order of sheet muscles of the abdomen from outer to inner?

A
  1. external oblique
  2. internal oblique
  3. transversus abdominis
44
Q

What is the function of the abdominal sheet muscles?

A
  • flexion of the trunk
  • guard the viscera within the abdomen and pelvis
45
Q

Describe the external oblique muscles.

A
  • travel inferomedially
  • becomes the aponeurosis medially
  • lower border of the external oblique aponeurosis forms the inguinal ligament on each side
46
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the external oblique?

A
  • origin = ribs 5-12
  • insertion = iliac crest and pubic tubercle
47
Q

What is the function of the external oblique?

A

Contralateral rotation of the torso

48
Q

What is the aponeurosis?

A

Flat sheet of tendon that anchors muscle

49
Q

Describe the internal oblique?

A
  • travels superomedially
  • smaller and thinner than the external oblique
  • becomes aponeurosis medially
50
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the internal oblique?

A
  • origin = inguinal ligament, iliac crest, lumbardorsal fascia
  • insertion = ribs 10-12
51
Q

What is the function of the internal oblique?

A
  • bilateral contraction compresses abdomen
  • unilateral contraction rotates the torso ipsilaterally
52
Q

Describe the transversus abdominis

A
  • travels transversely
  • becomes aponeurosis medially
  • covers the transversalis fascia
53
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the transversus abdominis?

A
  • origin = inguinal ligament, costal cartilage 7-12, iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia
  • insertion = conjoint tendon, xiphoid process, linea alba and pubic crest
54
Q

What is the function of the transversus abdominis?

A

Compresses abdominal contents to raise intra-abdominal pressure

55
Q

Describe the rectus abdominis

A
  • split transversely by the linea alba
  • lateral borders make surface marking linea semilunaris
  • has tendinous intersections in several places to creat six pack appearance
56
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the rectus abdominis?

A
  • origin = crest of the pubis
  • insertion = xiphoid process and costal cartilage 5-7
57
Q

What is the function of the rectus abdominis?

A
  • compression of abdominal viscera
  • stabilises the pelvis during walking
  • depresses the ribs
58
Q

What is the pyramidalis muscle?

A
  • small triangular muscle
  • superficial to the rectus abdominis
  • tenses the linea alba
59
Q

Describe the psoas major

A
  • lateral to the lumbar vertebrae
  • runs deep in the inguinal ligament
60
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the psoas major?

A
  • origin = transverse process and vertebral bodies T12-L5
  • insertion = lesser trochanter of femur
61
Q

What is the function of the psoas major?

A
  • flexion of thigh at the hip
  • lateral flexion of the vertebral column
62
Q

Describe the psoas minor

A
  • only present in 60% of the population
  • also aids in flexion of the vertebral column
63
Q

Describe the iliacus

A
  • fan shaped
  • fuses with psoas major to form the iliopsoas
64
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the iliacus?

A
  • origin = surface of the iliac fascia, AIIS
  • insertion = lesser troachanter of femur (merging with psoas)
65
Q

What i the function of the iliacus?

A

Flexion and lateral rotation of thigh at the hip joint

66
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the quadratus lumborum?

A
  • origin = iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament
  • insertion = transverse process L1-L4 and inferior border of 12th rib
67
Q

What is the function of the quadratus lumborum?

A

Extension and lateral flexion of the vertebral column

68
Q

Which muscles make up the posterior wall of the abdomen?

A
  • psoas major
  • psoas minor
  • transversus abdominis
  • iliacus
  • quadratus lumborum
69
Q

When does the primitive gut develop in utero?

A

3-4 weeks

70
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Pain sensed by peritoneal viscera is poorly localised, referred based on embryological origin of organ

71
Q

Where is foregut pain felt?

A

Epigastric region

72
Q

Where is midgut pain felt?

A

Umbilical region

73
Q

Where is hindgut pain felt?

A

Hypogastric region

74
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A
  • serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity
  • secretes serous fluid
  • formed of mesothelium and connective tissue
75
Q

What are the two layers of the peritoneum?

A
  • parietal, lining abdominal wall
  • visceral, lining the suspended organs
76
Q

What is the mesentery?

A
  • double fold of the peritoneum
  • attaches suspended intraperitoneal organs to the posterior abdominal wall
  • has nerves and vessels passing through
77
Q

What are retroperitoneal organs?

A

Organs attached to the posterior abdominal wall which are covered in parietal peritoneum

78
Q

What are the intraperitoneal organs?

A

Organs which are suspended within the peritoneum, covered in visceral peritoneum. They are attached to the abdominal wall by the mesentery

79
Q

Name the retroperitoneal organs

A
  • Suprarenal gland
  • Aorta/IVC
  • Duodenum
  • Pancreas (head, neck and body)
  • Ureters
  • Colon (ascending and descending)
  • Kidneys
  • Esophagus
  • Rectum
80
Q

Name the intraperitoneal organs

A
  • Stomach
  • Appendix
  • Liver
  • Transverse colon
  • Duodenum
  • Small intestines
  • Pancreas (tail)
  • Rectum
  • Spleen
  • Sigmoid colon
81
Q

What is the omentum?

A
  • apron-like fold of visceral peritoneum
  • greater and lesser part
82
Q

What are the attachments of the greater omentum?

A
  • greater curvature of the stomach
  • transverse colon
83
Q

What are the attachments of the lesser omentum?

A
  • liver
  • lesser curvature of the stomach
  • 1st part of duodenum
84
Q

What is the duodenum?

A
  • continuation of the pylorus
  • C shaped, wraps around head of pancreas
  • major duodenal papilla in the descending part
85
Q

What are the four parts of the duodenum?

A
  • superior
  • descending
  • inferior
  • ascending
86
Q

What is the jejuno-ileum?

A
  • distal part of the small intestine
  • made up of jejunum and ileum
  • begins at duodenojejunal flexure
  • ends at ileocaecal junction
  • attached to posterior abdominal wall by mesentery
87
Q

Where is the jejunum located?

A

Upper left quadrant

88
Q

Where is the ileum located?

A

Lower right quadrant

89
Q

What are the four segments of the large intestine?

A
  • caecum
  • colon
  • rectum
  • anal canal
90
Q

What are the four parts of the colon?

A
  • ascending
  • descending
  • transverse
  • sigmoid
91
Q

What are teniae coli?

A
  • smooth muscles on the colon wall
  • contract and shorten colon
  • forms haustra in the colon
92
Q

What are haustra?

A

saccules in the colon that give it its segmented appearance

93
Q

What are arterial arcades?

A

a series of anastomosing arterial arches between the arterial branches of the jejunum and ileum

94
Q

What are vasa recta?

A

straight arteries arising from arterial arcades in the mesentery of the jejunum and ileum that supply the jejunum and ileum

95
Q

Label this diagram

A
  1. Vasa recta
  2. Arterial arcades

Anatomy 1b (9 decks)

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