Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum 1 Flashcards
What are four quadrants of the chest wall?
- right upper
- left upper
- right lower
- left lower
What are the nine regions of the abdomen (top to bottom, right to left)?
- right hypochondriac
- epigastric region
- left hypochondriac
- right lumbar
- umbilical region
- left lumbar
- right iliac
- hypogastric region
- left iliac
Label 1-6
- Rectus abdominis
- Inferior epigastric artery and vein
- Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
- Linea alba
- Internal abdominal oblique muscle
- Spermatic cord
Label 1-6
- Thoracoabdominal nerve
- Posterior rectus sheath
- Transverse abdominal muscle
- Arcuate line
- Inferior epigastric artery
- Inguinal ligament
What forms the rectus sheath?
Aponeuroses of the lateral sheet muscles
What envelops the anterior rectus abdominis?
Rectus sheath
INSERT IMAGE OF RECTUS SHEATH TO LABEL
What forms the inguinal ligament?
External oblique aponeurosis
Label 1-3
- Inguinal ligament
- Ilioinguinal nerve
- Superficial inguinal ring
Where is the deep inguinal ring located?
Above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament and lateral to the epigastric vessels. Formed by the transversalis fascia
Where is the superficial inguinal ring located?
Superior to the pubic tubercle. Made by fibres of the external oblique muscle.
Where is the mid-inguinal point located?
Halfway between the anterosuperior iliac spine (ASIS) and the pubic symphisis
What are the contents of the inguinal canal?
- spermatic cord in men
- round ligament of the uterus in women
- iliolinguinal nerve
- genital branch of the gentifemoral nerve
What is the terminal end of the inguinal canal?
Superficial inguinal ring
Label 1-4
- Skin
- Superficial fatty fascia (Camper’s fascia)
- Superficial membraneous fascia (Scarpa’s fascia
- External oblique
What are the walls of the inguinal canal?
- anterior = external oblique aponeurosis
- posterior = transversalis fascia
- roof = internal oblique
- floor = inguinal ligament
What is an inguinal hernia?
Abnormal exit of abdominopelvic contents through the superficial inguinal ring
What is a direct inguinal hernia?
- bulge is medial to inferior epigastric artery
- doesnt go through deep inguinal ring
What is an indirect inguinal hernia?
- bulge is lateral to the inferior epigastric artery
- goes through deep inguinal ring
Label 5-9
- Internal oblique
- Transversus abdominis
- Transversalis fascia
- Parietal peritoneum
- Extraperitoneal fascia
What is the innervation of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
T6-T12
Ilioingual and iliohypogastric nerves
What is the blood supply of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
Superior and inferior epigastric arteries and veins
Label 1-6
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Sacrum
- Pubic symphysis
- Anterior superior iliac spine
- Iliac crest
Label 1,3,5,6
- Quadratus lumborum
- Iliacus
- Iliohypogastric nerve
- Ilioinguinal nerve
Label 1-5
- Diaphragm
- Psoas major
- Psoas minor
- Iliacus
- Inguinal ligament
Label 6-10
- Pubic crest
- Pectineal line
- Lesser trochanter
- Greater trochanter
- Anterior superior iliac spine
Label 11-14
- Sacrum
- Iliac fossa
- Iliac crest
- Quadratus lumborum
Label 2,3,6
- Quadratus lumborum
- Psoas minor
- Psoas major
What is the innervation of the posterior abdominal wall?
Quadratus lumborum = T12-L5 spinal nerves
Iliopsoas = lumbar plexus
What is the blood supply of the posterior abdominal wall?
Aorta and IVC
Which muscles make up the iliopsoas group?
Iliacus and psoas major and minor
Label 1-5
- Liver
- Stomach
- Transverse colon
- Small intestine
- Cecum
Label 1-4
- Duodenum
- Ascending colon
- Cecum
- Rectum
Label 5-8
- Transverse colon
- Jejunum with serosa
- Sigmoid colon
- Ileum
Label 1-5
- Superior duodenum
- Major duodenal papilla
- Descending duodenum
- Inferior duodenum
- Ascending Duodenum
Label 1 and 2
- Ileocaecal junction
- Veriform appendix
Label 1-5
- Cardiac region
- Fundus
- Rugae
- Body
- Greater curvature
Label 6-10
- Pyloric antrum
- Pyloric sphincter
- Lesser curvature
- Abdominal oesophagus
- Gastro-oesophageal junction
Which gastrointestinal structures arise from the foregut?
Distal oesophagus
Gastro-oesophageal junction
Stomach
Pyloric sphincter
Superior and descending duodenum
Which gastrointestinal structures arise from the midgut?
Major duodenal papilla
Inferior and ascending duodenum
Duodeno-jejunal flexure
Jejunum
Ileum
Ileocaecal junction
Caecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Hepatic flexure
Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
Which gastrointestinal structures arise from the hindgut?
Distal 1/3 of transverse colon
Splenic flexure of colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Superior rectum
What marks the end of the foregut?
Major duodenal papilla
What is the order of sheet muscles of the abdomen from outer to inner?
- external oblique
- internal oblique
- transversus abdominis
What is the function of the abdominal sheet muscles?
- flexion of the trunk
- guard the viscera within the abdomen and pelvis
Describe the external oblique muscles.
- travel inferomedially
- becomes the aponeurosis medially
- lower border of the external oblique aponeurosis forms the inguinal ligament on each side
What is the origin and insertion of the external oblique?
- origin = ribs 5-12
- insertion = iliac crest and pubic tubercle
What is the function of the external oblique?
Contralateral rotation of the torso
What is the aponeurosis?
Flat sheet of tendon that anchors muscle
Describe the internal oblique?
- travels superomedially
- smaller and thinner than the external oblique
- becomes aponeurosis medially
What is the origin and insertion of the internal oblique?
- origin = inguinal ligament, iliac crest, lumbardorsal fascia
- insertion = ribs 10-12
What is the function of the internal oblique?
- bilateral contraction compresses abdomen
- unilateral contraction rotates the torso ipsilaterally
Describe the transversus abdominis
- travels transversely
- becomes aponeurosis medially
- covers the transversalis fascia
What is the origin and insertion of the transversus abdominis?
- origin = inguinal ligament, costal cartilage 7-12, iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia
- insertion = conjoint tendon, xiphoid process, linea alba and pubic crest
What is the function of the transversus abdominis?
Compresses abdominal contents to raise intra-abdominal pressure
Describe the rectus abdominis
- split transversely by the linea alba
- lateral borders make surface marking linea semilunaris
- has tendinous intersections in several places to creat six pack appearance
What is the origin and insertion of the rectus abdominis?
- origin = crest of the pubis
- insertion = xiphoid process and costal cartilage 5-7
What is the function of the rectus abdominis?
- compression of abdominal viscera
- stabilises the pelvis during walking
- depresses the ribs
What is the pyramidalis muscle?
- small triangular muscle
- superficial to the rectus abdominis
- tenses the linea alba
Describe the psoas major
- lateral to the lumbar vertebrae
- runs deep in the inguinal ligament
What is the origin and insertion of the psoas major?
- origin = transverse process and vertebral bodies T12-L5
- insertion = lesser trochanter of femur
What is the function of the psoas major?
- flexion of thigh at the hip
- lateral flexion of the vertebral column
Describe the psoas minor
- only present in 60% of the population
- also aids in flexion of the vertebral column
Describe the iliacus
- fan shaped
- fuses with psoas major to form the iliopsoas
What is the origin and insertion of the iliacus?
- origin = surface of the iliac fascia, AIIS
- insertion = lesser troachanter of femur (merging with psoas)
What i the function of the iliacus?
Flexion and lateral rotation of thigh at the hip joint
What is the origin and insertion of the quadratus lumborum?
- origin = iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament
- insertion = transverse process L1-L4 and inferior border of 12th rib
What is the function of the quadratus lumborum?
Extension and lateral flexion of the vertebral column
Which muscles make up the posterior wall of the abdomen?
- psoas major
- psoas minor
- transversus abdominis
- iliacus
- quadratus lumborum
When does the primitive gut develop in utero?
3-4 weeks
What is referred pain?
Pain sensed by peritoneal viscera is poorly localised, referred based on embryological origin of organ
Where is foregut pain felt?
Epigastric region
Where is midgut pain felt?
Umbilical region
Where is hindgut pain felt?
Hypogastric region
What is the peritoneum?
- serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity
- secretes serous fluid
- formed of mesothelium and connective tissue
What are the two layers of the peritoneum?
- parietal, lining abdominal wall
- visceral, lining the suspended organs
What is the mesentery?
- double fold of the peritoneum
- attaches suspended intraperitoneal organs to the posterior abdominal wall
- has nerves and vessels passing through
What are retroperitoneal organs?
Organs attached to the posterior abdominal wall which are covered in parietal peritoneum
What are the intraperitoneal organs?
Organs which are suspended within the peritoneum, covered in visceral peritoneum. They are attached to the abdominal wall by the mesentery
Name the retroperitoneal organs
- Suprarenal gland
- Aorta/IVC
- Duodenum
- Pancreas (head, neck and body)
- Ureters
- Colon (ascending and descending)
- Kidneys
- Esophagus
- Rectum
Name the intraperitoneal organs
- Stomach
- Appendix
- Liver
- Transverse colon
- Duodenum
- Small intestines
- Pancreas (tail)
- Rectum
- Spleen
- Sigmoid colon
What is the omentum?
- apron-like fold of visceral peritoneum
- greater and lesser part
What are the attachments of the greater omentum?
- greater curvature of the stomach
- transverse colon
What are the attachments of the lesser omentum?
- liver
- lesser curvature of the stomach
- 1st part of duodenum
What is the duodenum?
- continuation of the pylorus
- C shaped, wraps around head of pancreas
- major duodenal papilla in the descending part
What are the four parts of the duodenum?
- superior
- descending
- inferior
- ascending
What is the jejuno-ileum?
- distal part of the small intestine
- made up of jejunum and ileum
- begins at duodenojejunal flexure
- ends at ileocaecal junction
- attached to posterior abdominal wall by mesentery
Where is the jejunum located?
Upper left quadrant
Where is the ileum located?
Lower right quadrant
What are the four segments of the large intestine?
- caecum
- colon
- rectum
- anal canal
What are the four parts of the colon?
- ascending
- descending
- transverse
- sigmoid
What are teniae coli?
- smooth muscles on the colon wall
- contract and shorten colon
- forms haustra in the colon
What are haustra?
saccules in the colon that give it its segmented appearance
What are arterial arcades?
a series of anastomosing arterial arches between the arterial branches of the jejunum and ileum
What are vasa recta?
straight arteries arising from arterial arcades in the mesentery of the jejunum and ileum that supply the jejunum and ileum
Label this diagram
- Vasa recta
- Arterial arcades