Limbic system and physiology of emotion

Question 1

Olfactory track = lateral and medial olfactory stria

describe lateral olfactory stria

Answer 1

Lateral olfactory stria terminate in piriform cortex (primary olfactory) containing

1) entral frontal lobe
2) medial temporal lobe (overlying uncus)
3) anterior insula

Question 2

Olfactory track = lateral and medial olfactory stria

describe medial olfactory stria

Answer 2

follow to inter hemispheric fissure on medial surface as

1) anterior parolfactory sulci
2) posterior parolfactory sulci

Question 3

what happens when lateral and medial olfactory stria meet?

Answer 3

form V shape

cortex in V = pole of cingulated gyrus

cingulated gyrus = continuous with parahippocampal gyrus

Question 4

what does parahippocampal grus feed into?

what are outputs?

Answer 4

feed into hippocampus

forms 2 outputs

1) thru fornix
2) or to parahippocampal gyrus then to amygdala

Question 5

describe anterior perforated substance

Answer 5

area btwn 2 olfactory stria where ventral striatum and ventral pallitum meet pail surface

Question 6

describe diagonal band of broca
where is it

what does it contain

Answer 6

extends from amygdala along posterior aspect of anterior perforated substance
then curves into inter hemispheric fissure (behind medial olfactory stria)

contains cholinergic nuclei

Question 7

describe paraterminal gyrus
where is it
what does it contain

Answer 7

btwn posterior parolfactory sulcus and lamina terminalis

contains many cholinergic cell population

Question 8

paraterminal gyrus travels where

Answer 8

up to septum pellucid as cluster of cholinergic cells within septal nuceli

Question 9

describe papez’s circuit

Answer 9

emotion = circuit of 4 structures

1) cingulate cortex
2) hypothalamus
3) hippocampus
4) hypothalamus

Question 10

papez's circuit
function of 
1) cingulate cortex
2) hypothal
3) hippocampus 
4) hypothal

Answer 10

1) cingulate cortex = determine experience of emotion
2) hypothal = emotional expression
3) hippocampus = project to hypothal via fornix
4) hypothal = reach cortex via relay in anterior thalamic nuclei

emotional experience in cingulate become expression by indirect transmission to hypothal

hypothal goes back to cingulate via thalamus anterior nucleus

Question 11

structure in papez not included in emotion

structures involved but not included

Answer 11

hippocampus

ventral-medial frontal lobe, amygdala, ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens), and brainstem structures like dopaminergic neurons of ventral tegmental area.

Question 12

define emotion
3 fundamental components

assoc components

Answer 12

1) physiological arousal
2) expressive behaviors, actions, tendencies
3) conscious experience

associated = mood, temperament, personality, motivation

Question 13

emotion linked to ___

Answer 13

motivation and motor system

Question 14

subjective experience occurs in conjunction with

Answer 14

disposition towards certain stereotypical behaviors and movements to produce automatic reactions

Question 15

response to emotion

1) desire
2) fear
3) interest/surprise
4) anger
5) anxiety/caution
6) joy

Answer 15

1) desire = approach
2) fear = freeze or avoid
3) interest/surprise - attend/orient
4) anger = attack/fight
5) anxiety/caution = inhb/repare
6) joy = readiness, freely explore

Question 16

describe mood

Answer 16

climate of person’s feelings over time
affective states
unfocused, diffuse

tone, intensity and predictions about future experience of reward or punishment

change with expectations of future pleasure or pain

can last for days- years

hypothetical constructions depicting individual emotional state

Question 17

describe cognition

Answer 17

processing of info, applying knowledge, and changing preferences

includes memory, attention, language, problem solving, planning

Question 18

describe motivation

Answer 18

bias towards specific action patterns or patterns of behavior

reasons for ehaivong in certain way

Question 19

emotion and decision making (cognition) linked

1) amygdala critical for ___
2) VMPFC and ventral striatum critical for ___

3) VTA (reward) and serotonin (punishment) contribute to ___

Answer 19

1) amygdala = associating stim, physiologic responses, action patterns, predictions
2) critical for predictions about risks/rewards assoc with given behavior
3) contribute to synaptic plasticity and assoc learning in amygdala, ventral striatum, OFC

Question 20

amygdala

1) primary role in ___

Answer 20

1) forms and stores memories assoc with emotional events

creates assoc btwn sensory stim and behavioral/autonomic responses

Question 21

amygdala

what do lesions do?

Answer 21

impairs acquisition and expression of Pavlovian fear condition

Question 22

amygdala
1) function of central nucleus

2) connected to

Answer 22

1) production of fear responses (freezing, tachycardia, incr respiration, stress-hormone release)

–> expression of emotional responses

2) connected to laterna nuclei to elicit fear behavior

Question 23

amygdala

1) function of lateral nuclei

Answer 23

memories of emotional experiences imprinted in strength of synaptic connections

Question 24

amygdala

1) function of bed nucleus of stria terminals

Answer 24

1) derivative of central nucleus, mediates release of pituitary-adrenal stress hormone CRH causing adrenal to release epi and cortisol

Question 25

amygdala 1) pathway sensory stim reach ____ where they form ___ 2) role of LTP

Answer 25

1) sensory stim reach BASOLATERAL COMPLEX ESP AMYGDALA (LAT NUCLEI) --> form assoc with memories of stim 2) LTP = mediates assoc btwn stimuli and aversive events they predict

Question 26

amygdala | appetitive condition

Answer 26

positive conditioning but no clear anatomical location

Question 27

amygdala and fear condition ex = play sound to mouse while shock 2 paths

Answer 27

1) sound --> auditory thalamus --> auditory cortex basolateral amygdala 2) painful stim = somatosensory thalamus --> somatosensory cortex basolateral amygdala

Question 28

amygdala and fear condition ex = play sound to mouse while shock what happens when both happen together

Answer 28

condition stim (sound) able to create pain response (incr stress, freezing) forms memory in lateral amygdala memories imprinted in strength of synapses in lateral nuclei cause fear via connection with central nucleus + BNST

Question 29

amygdala and fear condition ex = play sound to mouse while shock what happens with novel experience

Answer 29

new sound --> new experience bathes brain in ACh and create time window for painful event to be assoc

Question 30

Ventral striatum contains projects to...

Answer 30

nucleus accumbens and reinforcing VTA neuronal projections projects to VMPFC

Question 31

ventral striatum critical for

Answer 31

generating prediction about risks/rewards assoc with given behaviors can have plasticity and assoc learning

Question 32

experiments in ventral striatum and result describe medial forebrain bundle

Answer 32

medial forebrain bundle = contains dopaminergic neurons from VTA of fibrin adjacent to subst nigra (freq activated by mice)

Question 33

VTA neurons project where?

Answer 33

project ot nucleus accumbens in ventral striatum --> reinforcing

Question 34

nucleus accumbens receive input from where? project where?

Answer 34

input = output = VMPFC

Question 35

function of VMPFC- nucleus- accumbens corticostriatal loop?

Answer 35

via presence or absence of dopamine, reinforce or decr activity in networks that make predictions about risks or rewards X

Question 36

what happens if excess dopamine in VMPFC- nucleus- accumbens corticostriatal loop?

Answer 36

excessively reinforce active networks during behavior (ex = cocaine abuse = activate networks predicting more reward and ways to get) continued reinforcement = impaired judgment in settings clearly maladaptive = addiction

Question 37

VTA of midbrain project and release DA where? in response to...

Answer 37

release dopamine into nucleus accumbens in response to errors in predictions about reward

Question 38

VTA of midbrain where are predictions calculated

Answer 38

calculated in PFC and amygdala that project to VTA = VMPFC- nucleus- accumbens corticostriatal loop

Question 39

role of VTA in emotion and decision making

Answer 39

1) DA released with reward in anticipation of reward | 2) VTA also projects to amygdala and other "limbic structures" for emotion such as VMPFC

Question 40

VMPFC necessary for?

Answer 40

prediction of consequences but not registering actual consequences

Question 41

what happens with lesions to VMPFC = orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 41

decr inhib of aggression, sex, anxiety in appropriate settings

Question 42

lesions to VMPFC | iowa gambling task

Answer 42

can't figure out that deck of cards is riskier based on previous events can't estimate risk/reward keep drawing from bad deck even if losing no anticipatory emotional response (stress response) to impending punishment

Question 43

lesions to VMPFC | what is intact

Answer 43

stress response to receipt of actual rewards and punishments so can still register actual consequences