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HLB > Lifestyle Factors and Cardiorespiratory Disease > Flashcards

Lifestyle Factors and Cardiorespiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What were the leading causes of death for men between the ages of 50 to 79 in the UK (ONS, 2020)?

A

Heart disease and cancer.

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2
Q

What were the most common causes of death for men under 35 in the UK (ONS, 2020)?

A

External causes, such as accidents and suicide.

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3
Q

What is the leading cause of death in males in the UK?

A

Ischaemic heart disease (IHD).

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4
Q

What became the leading cause of death for females aged 65 to 79 in the UK in 2013?

A

Malignant neoplasm of trachea, bronchus, and lung.

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5
Q

What are the two behavioral risk factors contributing to the highest proportion of deaths in the UK?

A

Poor diet and tobacco smoking.

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6
Q

According to the WHO, what percentage of related factors to individual health and quality of life are correlated with lifestyle?

A

60%.

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7
Q

Name some lifestyle factors that can influence health and quality of life.

A

Diet, smoking, alcohol, drugs (medical and illegal), stress, sexual behavior, gambling, exercise, use of the internet, sleep, risky driving.

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8
Q

Is health influenced by multiple factors?

A

Yes, health is influenced by many factors, including age, family history of illness, employment, education, and living conditions.

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9
Q

What are some health risks associated with smoking?

A

Increased risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease.

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10
Q

What are some health risks associated with alcohol consumption?

A

Increased risk of cancer, obesity, and cardiovascular disease.

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11
Q

What are some risks associated with illegal drug use?

A

Risk of bloodborne viruses (HBV, HCV, HIV) and mental health issues.

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12
Q

What are some health risks associated with a sedentary lifestyle?

A

Obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

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13
Q

What are some health risks associated with a poor diet?

A

Obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.

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14
Q

What are some risks associated with unsafe sexual behavior?

A

Sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies.

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15
Q

How does stress impact health?

A

It can lead to high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, and diabetes.

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16
Q

What is the leading cause of death worldwide?

A

Cardiovascular disease (CVD).

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17
Q

What percentage of deaths in the UK are caused by CVD?

A

25% (1 in 4 deaths).

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18
Q

What was the main cause of increased life expectancy in England between 2001 and 2016?

A

Falling mortality rates from heart disease.

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19
Q

How are CVD deaths linked to poverty?

A

There is a higher incidence of CVD among individuals living in poverty.

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20
Q

What are the estimated healthcare costs in England relating to CVD?

A

£7.4 billion annually, with an additional cost to the wider economy of £15.8 billion.

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21
Q

Is it possible to prevent most CVD deaths?

A

Yes, most CVD deaths are preventable through risk factor modification.

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22
Q

What is the impact of adopting a healthy lifestyle on cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults with Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Greater adherence to a healthy lifestyle is associated with a substantially lower risk of CVD incidence and CVD mortality in adults with Type 2 Diabetes.

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23
Q

What is the link between lifestyle changes and asthma prevalence?

A

Changes in lifestyle, including smoking, educational level, physical activity, and obesity, have been associated with the increasing prevalence of asthma, particularly adult-onset asthma.

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24
Q

What are some potential risk factors for adult-onset asthma?

A

Obesity and low physical activity are considered potential risk factors for adult-onset asthma.

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25
Q

How does the prevalence of asthma differ in the United Kingdom (UK)?

A

The UK has one of the highest rates of asthma prevalence in Europe, with 4.67 million individuals reported to have the condition. Approximately 9-10% of adults in the UK have asthma.

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26
Q

What are some factors that contribute to regional differences in asthma prevalence?

A

Factors such as deprivation, lower health literacy, and air pollution have been associated with regional differences in asthma prevalence. Air pollution, in particular, has been implicated as a cause of death in some cases, such as the case of Ella Adoo-Kissi-Deborah in Lewisham.

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27
Q

Which cancer is the biggest cancer killer in the UK?

A

Lung cancer.

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28
Q

How have lung cancer rates changed over the past 40 years for men?

A

Lung cancer rates have fallen by nearly half for men.

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29
Q

How have lung cancer rates changed over the past 40 years for women?

A

Lung cancer rates have increased by three-quarters for women.

30
Q

When did smoking rates start to decline for men and women?

A

Smoking rates in men have been falling since at least the 1950s, while for women, this decline didn’t occur until the 1970s.

31
Q

According to the ‘Healthy Lives, Healthy People’ strategy for public health, what are some benefits of changing adults’ behaviors?

A

Changing adults’ behaviors, such as stopping smoking, improving diet, and increasing physical activity, could reduce premature death, illness, and costs to society. It could also help avoid a substantial proportion of cancers, vascular dementias, circulatory diseases, alcohol abuse costs, and drug-fueled crime costs.

32
Q

How much does the NHS spend annually on treating smoking-related illnesses?

A

The NHS spends over £2.7 billion a year on treating smoking-related illnesses alone.

33
Q

What is the current trend in smoking rates?

A

Smoking rates are coming down overall, with a steady decline in the number of smokers.

34
Q

Is there a social class relationship associated with smoking?

A

Yes, there is a strong social class relationship, indicating that smoking rates vary based on social patterns.

35
Q

What has been the trend in per capita alcohol consumption?

A

Per capita alcohol consumption has declined overall, but wine consumption has increased.

36
Q

Are there age and gender differences in alcohol consumption?

A

More men tend to drink alcohol, especially from middle age onwards. In 2018, 86% of men and 79% of women had consumed alcohol in the last 12 months.

37
Q

How often do adults usually drink alcohol?

A

Nearly half of adults (49%) usually drink alcohol at least once a week or more often. Men are more likely to do so compared to women (58% versus 41%).

38
Q

Which age group is more likely to binge on alcohol?

A

16-24 year olds are more likely to engage in binge drinking.

39
Q

Do professionals drink more frequently and in larger quantities?

A

Yes, among working groups, high-income earning managerial/professional workers are more likely to drink regularly and above recommended limits during the week.

40
Q

Are there increasing health inequalities related to excessive alcohol consumption?

A

Scottish trend data suggest increasing inequalities between households in the negative health impacts of excessive alcohol consumption, based on the area in which people live.

41
Q

How does social class influence the role of alcohol in the wellness toolkits of middle-aged women?

A

Women in higher social classes have access to a variety of wellness resources and services that promote wellness without relying on alcohol. Middle-class women consume alcohol in a compensation approach alongside other wellness tools. Working-class women, with fewer resources, view alcohol as a tool for managing challenging circumstances.

42
Q

What are the current exercise recommendations by the WHO for adults aged 18-64?

A

The WHO recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week for adults aged 18-64.

43
Q

How many adults in the UK fail to meet the recommended exercise targets?

A

Approximately 40% of adults in the UK, around 20 million people, fail to meet the recommended exercise targets.

44
Q

What proportion of adults in the UK do the recommended levels of physical activity every week?

A

Only 3 or 4 in 10 adults report doing the recommended levels of physical activity every week.

45
Q

Who is more likely to have a sedentary lifestyle, men or women?

A

Men are more likely to have a sedentary lifestyle.

46
Q

What are the estimated healthcare costs of physical inactivity in the UK?

A

The healthcare costs of physical inactivity in the UK are estimated to be £1.2 billion.

47
Q

What proportion of adults in England are overweight or obese?

A

Two-thirds (63%) of adults in England are classified as being overweight or obese.

48
Q

How has the prevalence of obesity changed over time in England?

A

The prevalence of obesity has increased from 13.2% of men in 1993 to 26.9% in 2015, and from 16.4% of women in 1993 to 26.8% in 2015. The rate of increase has slowed down since 2001, but the trend is still upwards.

49
Q

What is the prevalence of obesity among children in England?

A

In 2015 to 2016, 19.8% of children aged 10 to 11 were obese, and an additional 14.3% were overweight. Among children aged 4 to 5, 9.3% were obese, and another 12.8% were overweight.

50
Q

How many children in England are overweight or obese?

A

A third of 10 to 11-year-olds and over a fifth of 4 to 5-year-olds in England are overweight or obese.

51
Q

What are the estimated costs of obesity in the NHS for 2014/2015?

A

The estimated cost of obesity in the NHS for 2014/2015 was £6.1 billion.

52
Q

What are the projected costs of obesity in the future?

A

The cost of obesity is projected to reach £9.7 billion by 2050, with wider costs to society estimated to reach £49.9 billion per year.

53
Q

What is the relationship between deprivation and obesity prevalence in children?

A

The prevalence of obesity in the most deprived 10% of children is approximately twice that of the least deprived 10%.

54
Q

What factors contribute to difficulties in eating healthily?

A

The obesogenic environment, including the presence of fast food outlets, takeaway services, and fish and chip shops, makes it challenging for many people to make healthier choices.

55
Q

Is there a paradox in the observation that some food bank users are obese?

A

Research suggests that food bank users may prioritize feeding their children and opt for high-calorie but nutritionally poor food for themselves, leading to obesity. Mothers, in particular, bear the brunt of food insecurity and are more likely to be overweight or obese due to the intersection of gendered childcare expectations and poverty.

56
Q

How do socioeconomic factors and stress influence lifestyle choices?

A

Unhealthy lifestyles and behaviors may be effective in managing stress. Social norms, availability, price, and legality also play a role in shaping lifestyle choices. There are moral, economic, and medical agendas at play.

57
Q

How do mothers in food-insecure households prioritize their children’s needs over their own?

A

Mothers in food-insecure households tend to have poor diets, skipping meals and consuming high-calorie but nutritionally poor food to avoid feeling hungry. They prioritize their children’s needs over their own.

58
Q

How do socioeconomic factors intersect with gendered expectations in relation to lifestyle choices?

A

Socioeconomic factors and gendered expectations can intersect, putting additional burdens on mothers in terms of feeding their children. This can contribute to higher risks of obesity and poor dietary choices among food-insecure mothers.

59
Q

How do individuals in challenging circumstances perceive their lifestyle choices and behaviors?

A

Individuals in challenging circumstances may acknowledge the need to make positive changes but find it difficult to help themselves due to various factors such as boredom, laziness, lack of will, and the habit of ordering take-out food.

60
Q

What are the coping strategies used by young, pregnant women who smoke?

A

Smoking is often seen as a coping strategy to alleviate stress for young, pregnant women, as it is the cheapest source of support they have. Cutting down on smoking, rather than quitting completely, is often considered a positive behavior change in difficult domestic circumstances.

61
Q

What factors contribute to the relationship between social position and lifestyle behaviors?

A

Social circumstances and health beliefs play a significant role in shaping lifestyle behaviors. The root causes of health and social inequalities are seen as essential pre-requisites for improving health, highlighting that personal choices and responsibility are relative to one’s circumstances.

62
Q

How do social conditions contribute to health inequalities?

A

Social conditions, such as access to resources, knowledge, and healthcare, play a fundamental role in health inequalities. Individuals with greater resources are better able to avoid health risks, maintain healthy lifestyles, and access quality medical treatment, leading to healthier behaviors and outcomes.

63
Q

How does education impact health inequalities?

A

Education can increase health inequalities as it provides individuals with greater knowledge and resources to adopt healthier behaviors and take advantage of new knowledge about healthy behavior. Middle-class individuals, who often have higher levels of education, are more likely to benefit from new health knowledge and adopt healthier lifestyles.

64
Q

What is the fundamental cause approach in addressing health inequalities?

A

The fundamental cause approach emphasizes addressing underlying social factors rather than focusing solely on individual risk factors. It calls for interventions that target factors that put individuals at risk of risks, such as power disadvantages or neighborhood environments that limit access to healthy options.

65
Q

What is the difference between societal interventions and individualized ones?

A

Societal interventions target broader environmental factors, such as inspecting meat or adding folic acid to grains, to promote health, whereas individualized interventions focus on modifying individual behaviors or risk factors.

66
Q

What is the Nuffield Council on Bioethics’ intervention ladder?

A

The intervention ladder provides a range of potential approaches for promoting positive lifestyle changes, from providing information (least intrusive) to legislative measures that eliminate people’s choice (most intrusive).

67
Q

What is the concept of “nudge” in behavioral public policy?

A

“Nudge” refers to the idea that governments can encourage individuals to make choices that are in their own best interests by designing environments that facilitate positive decision-making. It combines the promotion of welfare (paternalism) with the preservation of freedom of choice (libertarianism).

68
Q

What are the different types of nudges for promoting healthier food choices?

A

Cognitive nudges provide information, affective nudges influence how people feel about food, and behavioral nudges directly change behaviors to make healthier options more accessible and easier to select and consume.

69
Q

What is the importance of maintaining a focus on the structuring of choice on health practices rather than health behaviors?

A

It is essential to understand how social conditions and systemic issues shape individuals’ choices and behaviors regarding health practices. By addressing the structural factors that influence choice, interventions can be more effective in promoting healthier lifestyles.

70
Q

How can healthcare professionals encourage healthier lifestyles?

A

Some ideas include taking a less judgmental approach, considering personal biographies and social positions, recognizing the pressures faced by underprivileged populations, aiming for compromises, and advocating for broader changes in the social and environmental contexts.

71
Q

Why is it important for healthcare professionals to be role models in adopting healthy behaviors?

A

Physicians and healthcare professionals play a crucial role in guiding patients towards lifestyle changes. However, they are more credible and effective if they can sustain healthy behaviors themselves, as they become role models for their patients.

72
Q

How can individuals critically reflect on their own health and reasoning?

A

Individuals can reflect on their own health by considering their reasoning behind describing themselves as healthy. This reflection helps promote self-awareness and a better understanding of one’s own lifestyle choices and behaviors.

HLB (40 decks)

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