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HLB > Fundementals of Respiratory anatomy > Flashcards

Fundementals of Respiratory anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the upper division of the respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx (superior to vocal cords)

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2
Q

What is the first component of the upper division of the respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity

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3
Q

What is the second component of the upper division of the respiratory tract?

A

Pharynx

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4
Q

What is the third component of the upper division of the respiratory tract?

A

Larynx

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5
Q

What are the components of the lower division of the respiratory tract?

A

Larynx (inferior to vocal cords)
Trachea (C6)
Primary/main bronchi (T4/5)
Secondary/lobar bronchi
Tertiary/segmental bronchi
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts and sacs
Alveoli

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6
Q

What is the first component of the lower division of the respiratory tract?

A

larynx

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7
Q

: What is the second component of the lower division of the respiratory tract?

A

Trachea (C6)

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8
Q

What is the third component of the lower division of the respiratory tract?

A

primary/main bronchi (T4/5)

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9
Q

What are the subsequent components of the lower division of the respiratory tract?

A

secondary/lobar bronchi, tertiary/segmental bronchi, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs, and alveoli

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10
Q

What is the functional anatomy of the respiratory tract?

A

the conducting zone/tract and the respiratory zone/tract.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the conducting zone/tract in the respiratory system?

A

The conducting zone/tract serves as a passage for the movement of air. It extends from the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the respiratory zone/tract in the respiratory system?

A

The respiratory zone/tract is the functional unit of the respiratory system responsible for gas exchange. It extends from the respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli.

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13
Q

What structures are included in the conducting zone/tract?

A

The conducting zone/tract includes the nasal cavity, as well as all the airways from the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles.

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14
Q

What structures are included in the respiratory zone/tract?

A

The respiratory zone/tract includes the respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli, where the actual gas exchange takes place.

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15
Q

What are the primary respiratory muscles?

A

The primary respiratory muscles include the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm.

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16
Q

What is the orientation of the intercostal muscles?

A

The intercostal muscles are located between the ribs.

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17
Q

What is the action of the intercostal muscles?

A

The intercostal muscles play a role in expanding and contracting the ribcage during breathing.

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18
Q

What is the orientation of the diaphragm?

A

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the thoracic cavity.

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19
Q

What is the action of the diaphragm?

A

The diaphragm is the primary muscle involved in the breathing process. It contracts and flattens during inhalation, expanding the thoracic cavity and allowing air to enter the lungs. It relaxes during exhalation, helping to push air out of the lungs.

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20
Q

What are the names and orientations of the primary respiratory muscles?

A

The primary respiratory muscles include the external intercostal, internal intercostal, innermost intercostal, subcostales, and transversus thoracis.

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21
Q

What is the orientation of the external intercostal muscle?

A

The external intercostal muscle extends from the inferior margin of the rib above to the superior margin of the rib below.

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22
Q

What is the action of the external intercostal muscle?

A

The external intercostal muscle is most active during inspiration. It supports the intercostal space and moves the ribs superiorly.

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23
Q

What is the orientation of the internal intercostal muscle?

A

The internal intercostal muscle runs from the lateral edge of the costal groove of the rib above to the superior margin of the rib below, deep to the attachment of the related external intercostal.

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24
Q

What is the action of the internal intercostal muscle?

A

The internal intercostal muscle is most active during expiration. It supports the intercostal space and moves the ribs inferiorly.

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25
Q

What is the orientation of the innermost intercostal muscle?

A

The innermost intercostal muscle extends from the medial edge of the costal groove of the rib above to the internal aspect of the superior margin of the rib below.

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26
Q

What is the action of the innermost intercostal muscle?

A

The innermost intercostal muscle acts together with the internal intercostal muscles.

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27
Q

What is the orientation of the subcostales muscle?

A

The subcostales muscle is located on the internal surface (near the angle) of the lower ribs.

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28
Q

What is the action of the subcostales muscle?

A

The subcostales muscle may depress the ribs.

29
Q

What is the orientation of the transversus thoracis muscle?

A

The transversus thoracis muscle originates from the inferior margins and internal surfaces of the costal cartilages of the second to sixth ribs.

30
Q

What is the action of the transversus thoracis muscle?

A

The transversus thoracis muscle depresses the costal cartilages.

31
Q

What are the names of the accessory respiratory muscles?

A

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
Latissimus dorsi
Sternocleidomastoid
Anterior/middle/posterior scalene
Abdominal muscles
Serratus posterior

32
Q

What are the origin and insertion of the pectoralis major muscle?

A

Origin: Medial half of the clavicle, anterior surface of the sternum, first seven costal cartilages, aponeurosis of the external oblique.
Insertion: Lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus.

33
Q

What is the innervation of the pectoralis major muscle?

A

The pectoralis major muscle is innervated by the medial and lateral pectoral nerves.

34
Q

What are the actions of the pectoralis major muscle?

A

The pectoralis major muscle performs adduction, medial rotation, and flexion of the humerus at the shoulder joint.

35
Q

What are the origin and insertion of the pectoralis minor muscle?

A

Origin: Anterior surfaces of the third, fourth, and fifth ribs, and deep fascia overlying the related intercostal spaces.
Insertion: Coracoid process of the scapula.

36
Q

What is the innervation of the pectoralis minor muscle?

A

The pectoralis minor muscle is innervated by the medial pectoral nerves.

37
Q

What are the actions of the pectoralis minor muscle?

A

The pectoralis minor muscle depresses the tip of the shoulder and protracts the scapula.

38
Q

What are the origin and insertion of the serratus anterior muscle?

A

Origin: Lateral surfaces of upper 8-9 ribs and deep fascia overlying the related intercostal spaces.
Insertion: Costal surface of the medial border of the scapula.

39
Q

What is the innervation of the serratus anterior muscle?

A

The serratus anterior muscle is innervated by the long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7).

40
Q

What are the actions of the serratus anterior muscle?

A

The serratus anterior muscle protracts and rotates the scapula. It also keeps the medial border and inferior angle of the scapula opposed to the thoracic wall.

41
Q

What are the origin and insertion of the latissimus dorsi muscle?

A

Origin: Spinous processes of TVII to LV and sacrum, iliac crest, ribs X to XII.
Insertion: Floor of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus.

42
Q

What is the innervation of the latissimus dorsi muscle?

A

The latissimus dorsi muscle is innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve (C6 to C8).

43
Q

What are the actions of the latissimus dorsi muscle?

A

The latissimus dorsi muscle extends, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus.

44
Q

What are the origin and insertion of the serratus posterior superior muscle?

A

Origin: Lower portion of the ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TIII, and supraspinous ligaments.
Insertion: Upper border of ribs II to V just lateral to their angles.

45
Q

What is the innervation of the serratus posterior superior muscle?

A

The serratus posterior superior muscle is innervated by the anterior rami of upper thoracic nerves (T2-T5).

46
Q

What are the actions of the serratus posterior superior muscle?

A

The serratus posterior superior muscle elevates ribs II to V.

47
Q

What are the origin and insertion of the serratus posterior inferior muscle?

A

Origin: Spinous processes of T XI to LIII and supraspinous ligaments.
Insertion: Lower border of ribs IX to XII just lateral to their angles.

48
Q

What is the innervation of the serratus posterior inferior muscle?

A

The serratus posterior inferior muscle is innervated by the anterior rami of lower thoracic nerves (T9 to T12).

49
Q

What are the actions of the serratus posterior inferior muscle?

A

The serratus posterior inferior muscle depresses ribs IX to XII and may prevent lower ribs from being elevated when the diaphragm contracts.

50
Q

What is the origin of the sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

The sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle originates from the upper part of the anterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum.

51
Q

What is the insertion of the sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

The sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle inserts on the lateral one-half of the superior nuchal line.

52
Q

What is the innervation of the sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

The sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle is innervated by the accessory nerve (XI) and branches from anterior rami of C2 to C3 (C4).

53
Q

What are the actions of the sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Individually, the sternal head will tilt the head toward the shoulder on the same side and rotate the head to turn the face to the opposite side. Acting together, they draw the head forward.

54
Q

What is the origin of the clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

The clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle originates from the superior surface of the medial one-third of the clavicle.

55
Q

What is the insertion of the clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

The clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle inserts on the lateral surface of the mastoid process.

56
Q

What is the innervation of the clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

The clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle is innervated by the accessory nerve (XI) and branches from anterior rami of C2 to C3 (C4).

57
Q

What is the structure of the diaphragm?

A

The diaphragm is a musculotendinous structure with a double-domed shape.

58
Q

Where is the diaphragm located and what does it divide?

A

The diaphragm is located at the inferior boundary of the thorax and it divides the trunk into the thorax (superiorly) and abdomen (inferiorly).

59
Q

What are the relationships of the diaphragm?

A

Superiorly, the diaphragm is related to the pericardium. Inferiorly, it is related to the stomach, spleen, and liver.

60
Q

What is the action of the diaphragm?

A

The diaphragm is the primary muscle of respiration. It contracts during inspiration and relaxes during expiration, playing a crucial role in the breathing process. Additionally, the diaphragm allows the transit of structures between the thorax and abdomen.

61
Q

What are the origins of the muscular part of the diaphragm?

A

Sternal part: Xiphoid process
Costal part: Costal margin, ribs 7-12
Lumbar part (crura): Right L1-3/4, left L1-2/3

62
Q

What is the insertion of the diaphragm?

A

The diaphragm inserts into the central tendon, which is a thick aponeurotic structure located in the center of the diaphragm.

63
Q

What are the blood supply sources for the diaphragm?

A

Superior phrenic artery
Inferior phrenic artery
Musculophrenic artery
Pericardiophrenic artery

64
Q

What is the innervation of the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve (C3-5): It provides both motor and sensory innervation to the central tendon of the diaphragm.
Intercostal nerves (T5-11) and subcostal nerve (T12): These nerves provide sensory innervation to the muscular part of the diaphragm.

65
Q

What are the types of respiration based on activity levels?

A

Active respiration: This occurs during exercising or when there is a higher oxygen demand. It is also referred to as “forced respiration.”
Passive respiration: This occurs at rest and is considered “normal respiration.”

66
Q

What muscles are involved in passive and active respiration?

A

Passive inspiration: Diaphragm (mainly responsible)
Active inspiration: External intercostal muscles and accessory muscles
Passive expiration: Relaxation of the diaphragm and recoil of the thoracic wall
Active expiration: Internal intercostal muscles, innermost intercostal muscles, and accessory muscles

67
Q

How does inspiration and expiration affect intra-thoracic pressure and volume?

A

: During inspiration/inhalation, the intra-thoracic volume increases, which leads to a decrease in pressure. This change in pressure causes air to be drawn into the lungs. Conversely, during expiration/exhalation, the intra-thoracic volume decreases, leading to an increase in pressure. This increased pressure forces air out of the lungs as the lungs recoil.

68
Q

What are the dimensions and actions associated with thoracic wall movement during respiration?

A

Vertical dimension: Diaphragm action (pump handle/pendulum movement)
Horizontal dimension: Thoracic wall action (bucket handle movement)
Pump handle/pendulum movement: Associated with the anterior-posterior (AP) diameter and involves the costovertebral joints.
Bucket handle movement: Associated with the transverse diameter and involves the movement of the rib shafts.

HLB (40 decks)

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