Lifestage requirements and population groups Flashcards
Name 3 benefits of breastfeeding for infants
- Provides the perfect balance of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat
- Contains bifidobacteria and prebiotic oligosaccharides to help colonise the digestive tract and the immune system
- Reduces risk of atopic conditions and food allergies
Name 3 benefits of breastfeeding for the mother
- Delays ovulation (prevents births too close together and conserves iron)
- Protection against breast and ovarian cancer
- Aids post pregnancy weight loss (increased energy expenditure)
- Supports bonding (oxytocin release)
- It’s cheap and convenient
What are the roles of enzymes in breast milk?
Digestion of macronutrients
Transport for nutrients
What is colostrum?
A pre-milk substance containing mostly serum with antibodies (Secretory IgA) and white blood cells
Name 3 benefits of colostrum
- Protects infant from infections from which the mother has immunity
- Antibodies in colostrum inactivate pathogenic bacteria in the infant’s digestive tract
- Has a laxative effect to expel wastes that accumulated in the digestive tract during foetal development
- High in vitamin A and Zinc
Lactadherin (an iron binding protein in breastmilk is instrumental in fighting which virus common in babies?
Rotavirus
Why do breastfed babies have lower incidence of CV disease?
Oxytocin release which causes vasodilation
Which minerals are present in breast milk?
Calcium
Zinc
Iron (small amounts but higher bioavailability)
Name 5 key postpartum nutrients and explain why they are important
Protein-Needed for breast milk production
Iron- Aneamia common in pregnancy
Zinc-Ovarian hormones. Low zinc can contribute to PPD
B Vits- ATP production
B2 PPD
Folate-depelted with lactation
b12 depleted by nitrous oxide in labour
Magnesium- ATP, absorbed by foetus in lactation. Low levels=PPD
Vitamin C-collagen production, aids in wound healing post-partem
increases absorption of iron, synthesis of thyroxine and adrenal steroid hormones
Name 3 foods good to cosume during lactation
- Sweet potato
- Probiotic foods
- Prebiotic foods (asparagus, jerusalem artichokes
- EPA and DHA
Name 3 reasons to avoid alcohol whilst breastfeeding
- It easily enters breastmilk and significantly diminishes the amount of breastmilk consumed by the infant
- Alcohol not metabolised by the infant, causing sleepiness
- Inhibits oxytocin which interferes with lactation
What is the effect of smoking on breastfeeding?
Reduces milk volume
Nicotine alters the smell and flavour of the milk
Infants are at higher risk of sudden infant death
Name 2 galactagogues
Fennel
Fenugreek
Name 3 ways to increase breast milk production
- Galactagogues (fennel and fenugreek tea)
- Feed more often (supply and demand)
- Manage stress
Name 3 issues with infant formula
- It is the ultimate processed food, it is comprised of refined oils, sugar, dried skimmed milk and synthetic nutrients
- High levels of heavy metals have been found
- Heat damages the protein in formula leading to the formation of glycation end products (a biomarker in the development of many degenerative diseases)
Why do nutritionists recommend less fibre for children than adults?
Lowers the energy density of food
phytates reduce micronutrient absorbtion
How can you tell if a baby is ready for introduction to solids?
The baby can sit up, shows an interest in food and can puts food in their mouth. 6 months is the ideal age.
List the contributing factors to childhood obesity.
Highly processed, highly palatable food
Reduced energy expenditure
Bigger portions
Gut dysbiosis
Which foods should be avoided when weaning?
Concentrated sweets and baby food desserts
Sugar alcohols
Why does iron need to increase in adolescence?
Nutrient needs increase with age
Name 5 phsiological changes that happen in the ageing process
Lowered hormone levels (sex hormones and growth hormone)
Lowered immunity-dysregulated inate and adaptive
Loss of skin integrity
Decreased bone density and muscle mass
Stiffening of heart valves and arteries
GFR declines
What hormonal changes have an anabolic effect on muscle?
Low testosterone, oestrogen and growth hormones and insulin resistance
Name 3 contributing factors to sarcopenia
- Sedentary lifestyle
2.Low protein and energy intake
3.Lowered hormones - Insulin resistance
- Inflammatiom
6.Chronic diseases
Describe the energetics of ageing
Mature- Dry
Elderly-Cold
What can cause malnutrition in the elderly?
-Changes in taste and smell could be due to –Cigarette smoking, medications or AZ
-Alterations in gastric hormones regulating appetite
-Social isolation
-Cachexia (due to smoking or COPD)
-Dysphagive (caused by stroke or dementia
-Poor oral health
Describe the changes that happen in the GI tract in the elderly
Intrinsic factor declines with age (lowering B12 absorption)
Reduced stomach acid (achlorydria) leads to poor digestion, absorption and billary excretion
SIBO and other infections, iron deficiency due to impaired absorbtion.
Describe the changes that happen in the CV system as a result of ageing
Thickening and stiffening of the arteries, leading to increased blood pressure
Decreases maximum heart rate
Describe the changes that happen in the renal system as a result of ageing
Kidney cortex volume decreases
Increased renal cysts
Decline in nefron numbers and GFR
Difficulty regulating sodium in the body
Describe the effects of aging on the neurological system
B vit deficiencies are linked to higher homocysteine which is a risk factor in the pathogenesis of AZ
Describe the effects of aging on the Immune system
-a pogressive decline in T-lymphocyte function
-a decline in cell mediated immunity
This increases the risk of infection severity and cancer among the elderly
How does NAD+ effect ageing?
NAD + depletion is one of the hallmarks of ageing. It is an essential co-factor in all living cells and is involved in many fundamental biological processes.
This can cause
-metabolic disorders
-cancer
-neurodegenerative diseases
How can you increase NAD+ levels?
Exercising regularly
Getting adequate sleep
Fasting
Diet-avocados, green leafy veg, fish, nuts, cremini mushrooms and fermentated foods.
What are the basic dietary principles for the elderly?
-Higher protein intake (1g/kg bodyweight) to increase bone mineral density and preserve muscle mass
-50-70% vegs, fruits, whole grains, legumes.
-Lipids are important for neurological conditions and joint health. Include PUFAS and MUFAs
-More omega 3 for neurological health
-Ensure adequate hydration
-B12 for cognition
-Vitamin D (sytheisis through the skin in impaired in ageing)
-Vitamin E an antioxidant that protects against free radical damage
-Folate- lowers homocysteine levels
-Calcium-decresed absorption in elderly
-Potassium-positive effect on blood pressure
-CoQ10-An anrtioxident that protects cells from oxidative damage
What are the dangers of a diet too high in protein for the elderly?
Invokes a stress on the kidneys and increases urinary calcium excretion
Why is C0Q10 and important nutrient for the elderly?
Protects cells from oxidative damage
Body production declines with age/statin use
CoQ10 supports the immune system and facilitates ATP production
Useful for CV problems
Explain Valter Longo’s advice for longevity
Eat a diet high in plant foods
Fish (2-3 times per week)
After 65/70 introduce more animal products eggs,sheep and goats milk and add more fish
Eat what your grandmother used to eat
Restrict your eating to 11-12 hours a day and do not snack.
