Lifespan Development Review Flashcards
How were children seen in western societies in the Middle Ages?
As inherently wicked as
In Erikson’s stages, what is the primary outcome of Initiative vs Guilt?
Feelings of confidence and independence
What theory emphasizes the interconnected influence of biological, psychological and social factors?
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory
Who is credited with finding child development as an academic discipline in the United States?
G. Stanley Hall
What is the learning perspective?
Psychological perspective that emphasizes learning through consequences, reinforcement and punishment
What does the epigenome control?
Gene expression in human development through chemical marks on the DNA
What is the Ecological Systems Theory?
Theory that states that the macro system influences of the broader cultural and socio-economic settings
In sex determination during fertilization, what does “XY” result in?
Male
What are the key characteristics of fraternal (Dizygotic) twins?
They have different genetic compositions
What is Phenylketonuria?
Genetic disorder characterized by an inability to metabolize phenylalanine leading to intellectual challenges and physical problems
When do painless Braxton-Hicks contractions occur?
During the last month of pregnancy
What marks the beginning of the second stage of childbirth?
The baby’s head moving into the vagina
What does an episiotomy during childbirth do?
Prevents random tearing during crowning
What percentage of childbirths in Canada occur in hospitals?
98.5%
What does the Canadian Preterm Birth Network do?
Works to increase preterm infant survival rates
What does Proximodistal Development mean?
Development proceeds from the trunk outwards
What does Cephalocaudal Development mean?
From the head to the body
What is Failure to Thrive?
A disorder in infants and young children impairing physical growth and cognitive development
What does the Canadian Paediatric Society recommend?
Exclusive breast feeding for the first six months
What are the downsides of breastfeeding?
The mother needs to be adequately nourished and it may involve physical demands and soreness in the breasts
What is a schema according to Piaget?
A mental structure that categorizes knowledge; children use it for assimilation
What are the primary characteristics in Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage in cognitive development?
Logical mental actions and conversation concepts
What is the concept of Object Permanence?
The recognition that objects or people exist even when out of sight. This typically emerges in the sensorimotor stage
What is Deferred Imitation according to Piaget?
Imitation of an action observed hours, days or weeks earlier and is demonstrated around 18 months
What is the primary task during Erikson’s Stage 1- Basic Trust vs Mistrust?
Developing trust. Mistrust may be the result of inconsistent or unreliable caregiving
What happens according to the Ethological View of Attachment?
Exposure to the human face elicits a social smile which promotes survival in infants
What is the key concept of the Internal Working Model in the context of attachment?
A set of beliefs and expectations about self worth and the availability of others for protection and soothing
What is the primary characteristic of Ainsworth’s “Secure Attachment Style”?
Mild protest during parent departure, seeking interaction upon parent return and easy comfort
What does the impact of attachment styles state?
That secure attachment predicts psychological disorders by age 17
What is the average growth rate for height in the pre-school years?
5-6 cm (2-3 inches) per year
What happens at 2 years old?
The brain reaches approximately 75% of its adult weight
What is drawing shapes in childhood an example of?
A fine motor skill
Does the level of parental activity correlate to activity levels in their children?
Yes. More active parents lead to more active children and vice versa
What is excessive television watching a risk factor for?
Childhood obesity
How many calories does an average 8-10 year old need according to Canada’s Food Guide?
Approximately 1600 per day
What is one challenge in maintaining good nutrition in middle childhood?
The prevelance of sugar, animal fats and salt in the school cafeteria
What percentage of children in Canada aged 5-17 are obese?
30%
What are key motor skills developed by children between the ages of 8-10?
Balancing, coordination and strength
What is one associated issue mentioned in the context of ADHD?
Child Traumatic Stress
What is the leading cause of death in adolescence?
Unintentional injury at 73%
How many Canadian youths die in Motor vehicle accidents every week?
About 32
What is the primary factor contributing to twice as many death rates for teenage males compared to teenage females?
Unintentional injury
What is the main reason for death of adolescence in motor vehicle accidents?
Unintentional factors
What does Health Canada Recommendations state?
That nutritional choices should be emphasized when building a healthy diet for teenagers
What is a common factor that contributes to nutritional deficits in teenagers?
Irregular eating patterns
What is a potential long term impact of unhealthy eating patterns in adolescence?
An increased risk of diabetes and heart disease
What are the consequences of diets heavy in junk food during adolescence?
Overweight issues, chronic illnesses and premature death in adulthood
What is the legal age for cannabis use in Canada?
18
What is recommended by Dietitians of Canada to encourage heathy eating in teenagers?
Planning a nutritious lunch in advance
What are key predictors of divorce according to Dr. John M. Gorman?
Flooding and negativity
What can heavy alcohol consumption by one partner do?
Lead to a decline in marital satisfaction overtime
What is a significant factor contributing to the increased proportion of single persons in Canada?
Economic status
What does Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love suggest?
That romantic love always includes commitment
What have dual-earner women with flexible work schedules been shown to experience less of compared to those with fixed schedules
Less stress
What is a characteristic of crystallized intelligence?
It depends on accumulated information and experience
What is a challenge faced by both men and women in middle adulthood?
A lessening of sexual desire
What is a potential benefit of Hormone Replacement Therapy for women?
The reduction in hot flashes and night sweats
What are intellectual activity and social engagement key factors in according to Schaie and colleagues?
Stemming cognitive decline in later adulthood
What is a common challenge in information processing for older adults?
Difficulty keeping new information in working memory
What is the primary cognitive factor associated with aging according to Lynn Hasher?
Increased distractability
What did De Beni, Borella and Carretti find?
That older individuals tend to show a decline in reading comprehension due to a decline in working memory
What does Ardelt’s definition of wisdom include?
Unselfish love for others and reduced fear of death
What did Randy Pausch choose to focus on during his last lecture at Carnegie Mellon University?
Life lessons and experiences
What was one of Randy Pausch’s key insights during his last lecture?
That lessons are learned through disappointment
