Lifespan Chapter 4

Question 1

What is the timing of gross motor skills?

Answer 1

Sit up alone at 6 months, crawl 8-10 months, walk holding on at 9-10 months, walk unassisted at 12 months

Question 2

What is the timing of fine motor skills?

Answer 2

Grab a toy (not well) at 4 months, grab and hold at 9 months, learn more advanced skills as they age (snap, button, tie, write, pour)

Question 3

What is sensation?

Answer 3

our ability to detect our 5 senses

Question 4

What is perception?

Answer 4

How the brain processes and communicates these senses to the rest of the body

Question 5

What is binocular vision and how do they test for it?

Answer 5

Coordination both eyes to see one object; test to see if baby can track object with both eyes

Question 6

What reduces the risk of SIDS?

Answer 6

Put baby to sleep on its back, no smoking during pregnancy, no soft bedding, and a healthy birth weight

Question 7

What is co-sleeping?

Answer 7

Infants sleep with parents

Question 8

What is colostrum?

Answer 8

A thick, high-calorie substance for few days after birth

Question 9

What is Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development?

Answer 9

Sensorimotor

Question 9

What is object permanence?

Answer 9

The belief that objects and people continue to exist even when they cannot see them

Question 10

At what age is a child a “little scientist”?

Answer 10

About 12-18 months

Question 11

What is motherese?

Answer 11

Baby-talk; it is high-pitched, simplifies, and repetitive

Question 12

How old are babies when they begin to babble?

Answer 12

About 6-9 months

Question 13

What are holophrases and when do babies use them?

Answer 13

One word sentences to mean an entire concept

They use this when they need to get across their desires and needs happens around 12-18 months

Question 14

What is the naming explosion?

Answer 14

Happens around 18-21 months and it’s when babies mostly use nouns

Question 15

What is toddler speech?

Answer 15

Use of two word sentences (about 2 years old)

Question 16

Learning theory

Answer 16

Infants need to be taught language; uses association and reinforcement ideas

Question 17

Chomsky’s LAD theory

Answer 17

All are born with LAD and teach themselves language

Question 18

Social-pragmatic theory

Answer 18

Social impulses foster language; sees the need to communicate as the reason we learn language

Views us as social beings who need language for survival and joy

Question 19

Hybrid theory

Answer 19

Combines all three theories above

Question 20

Freud’s anal stage

Answer 20

Pleasure comes from learning to control bowels and bladder (1-2 years old); can become fixated at this age

Question 20

What are Freud’s 1st two stages of development?

Answer 20

Oral and anal

Question 21

Freud’s oral stage

Answer 21

Mouth is main source of gratification (birth - 1 year old); can become fixated at this age

Question 22

What is stranger wariness and when does it occur?

Answer 22

Can discern strangers and familiar people and occurs at about 9 months of age

Question 23

What is positive way to interpret stranger wariness?

Answer 23

A healthy sign of cognitive and emotional development in a child. They are becoming more aware of their surroundings and learning to distinguish between familiar faces

Question 23

What is it and when does it happen: Trust vs. Mistrust?

Answer 23

Child learns to trust the world or not

Parents need to meet infant needs when infant cries

Letting them cry causes problems

Birth to 2 years

Question 24

What is separation anxiety and when does it occur?

Answer 24

Fears of abandonment; at 1 year it is normal and may intensify by age 2, then decrease

Question 25

What is and when does it happen: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt?

Answer 25

Wants to do things on their own

Either learn they can do things by themselves or doubt their own abilities

2 years and then go on

Question 26

What is goodness of fit?

Answer 26

Temperamental adjustment that allows for smooth infant-caregiver interaction

Question 27

Basic temperament: Difficult

Answer 27

Parents need to build close relationship with baby

Question 28

Name the three basic temperament types

Answer 28

difficult, easy, and slow to warm up

Question 29

Basic temperament: Easy

Answer 29

Parents need to protect them from harm

Question 30

Basic Temperament: Slow to warm up

Answer 30

Parents need to give them time to adjust

Question 31

What is attachment?

Answer 31

A lasting social bond one has with another

Question 32

What are attachment behaviors?

Answer 32

Proximity-seeking behaviors: infant approaches, follows, climbs into the lap of the caregiver

Contact-maintaining behaviors: the infant will want to touch, snuggle, or hold the caregiver

Question 33

What is synchrony and what does it do?

Answer 33

A coordinated exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant

Helps infant to learn to read others’ emotions

Develops basic skills of social interaction

Helps infants learn to express their own feelings

Question 34

What are the four types of attachment?

Answer 34

Secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant/ambivalent, and disorganized

Question 35

Secure attachment

Answer 35

Child get comfortable and confidence from the caregiver; attempts to be close to the caregiver and has a readiness to explore environment; the caregiver is the secure base for exploration

Question 36

Insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 36

May have little interaction with their primary caregiver; shows no signs of distress when they leave

Question 37

Insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment

Answer 37

Show inconsistent mixture of behavior toward primary caregiver; both resist and seek contact with ber/him

Question 38

Disorganized attachment

Answer 38

May hit or embrace/kiss caregiver; may stare blankly or cry hysterically

Question 39

What is social referencing?

Answer 39

Child look to trusted adults for emotional cues in uncertain situations

when others emotional expressions take on new meaning for the child