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lifespan development > Lifespan Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Lifespan Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA is the molecules that hold our hereditary information and is in every cell of our body

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2
Q

How many molecules do we have?

A

46 molecules

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3
Q

Where do we get our molecules from?

A

We get half of our molecules from our mom and half of our molecules from our dad

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4
Q

Define Gamete

A

A reproductive cell
women = egg/ovum
men = sperm

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5
Q

Define Zygote

A

created from sperm and ovum

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6
Q

Define Genotype

A

Our genetic potential (what could happen)

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7
Q

Define phenotype

A

Our genetic expression (what actually occur in our genes)

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8
Q

Define monozygotic twins

A

Identical twins from one conception; fertilized egg splits into 2 zygotes

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9
Q

Define dizygotic twins

A

Fraternal twins are 2 eggs fertilized at the same time

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10
Q

What is the chromosomal pattern for females?

A

XX

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11
Q

What is the chromosomal pattern for males?

A

XY

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12
Q

What is polygenic?

A

Affected by many genes (ex. eye, hair, skin color)

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13
Q

What is multifactorial?

A

Affected by genes and the environment (ex. height)

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14
Q

What is a chromosomal abnormality?

A

½ of all zygotes have wrong number of chromosomes

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15
Q

What are some chromosomal abnormalities?

A

Down syndrome (extra chromosome) and Klinefelter syndrome (a male with XXY chromosome)

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16
Q

What is a amniocentesis test and what can it tell us?

A

takes amniotic fluid to test for genetic abnormalities

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17
Q

What is a chorionic villa sampling test and what can it tell us?

A

at about about 10 weeks; sample of chorion is tested for chromosomal abnormality

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18
Q

What is a sonogram test and what can it tell us?

A

uses sound waves to create image of child and by 16 weeks can tell sex of child

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19
Q

What are the stages of pregnancy?

A

Germinal, embryonic, and fetal

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20
Q

Germinal phase

A

1st 2 weeks after conception; zygote travels down fallopian tube toward uterus; cell division and growth continues

60% of natural conceptions fail to implant

70% of IVF fail to implant

21
Q

Embryonic phase

A

3rd to 8th week; differentiation occurs and mass of cells becomes a distinct being; neural tube forms (brain and spinal column)

4th week heart system forms

5th week arms and legs form

Weights 1g and 1 inch long

22
Q

Fetal phase

A

9th week until birth; sex organs began to take shape

Male determines child’s sex

Has all body parts and is 3oz and 3 inches at 12 weeks

23
Q

What is the age of viability?

A

When the baby can survive outside the womb with special care

24
Q

When is the age of viability?

A

About 22 weeks after conception

25
Q

How does the birth process begin?

A

Begins about 38 weeks after conception and the fetus’ brain signals the mom’s pituitary gland to release oxytocin to begin contractions; can last about 8 hours

26
Q

What are Braxton-Hicks?

A

False labor contractions; irregular in timing and intensity of contractions; can start in 4th month of pregnancy

27
Q

Stage 1 of birth

A

Position: head down; contractions about 8-10 min apart and last about 30 sec

Stage can take about 8 hours

Baby’s head moves into birth canal at the end

28
Q

Stage 2 of birth

A

Baby’s head moves through birth canal

Lasts about 90 minutes

Each contraction helps

Episiotomy – increases vaginal opening

Ends when baby is outside the mom

29
Q

Stage 3 of birth

A

Umbilical cord and placenta are expelled

Shortest stage

Lasts only fer minutes

Culture influences birth process

Is physically the same in all people

30
Q

Exact moment of birth

A

When baby emerges from mom’s body

Most cry on their own

Umbilical cord now cut

Clear baby’s mouth and nose

31
Q

What is the APGAR test and what does it measure?

A

appearance (color), pulse (heart rate), grimace (reflex), activity (muscle tone), respiration (breathing)

32
Q

When is the APGAR test given?

A

Given at 1 and 5 minutes after birth

33
Q

Why is the APGAR test given?

A

To see if extra medical care or emergency medical care is needed

34
Q

What is a cesarean birth?

A

surgical delivery of a child

35
Q

Low birth weight (LBW)

A

Birth weight is below 5 ½ pounds

36
Q

Very low birth weight(VLBW)

A

Birth weight is below 3 ½ pounds

37
Q

Extremely low birth weight(ELBW)

A

Birth weight is below 2 pounds 3 oz

38
Q

Small for gestational age (SGA)

A

Born close to due date but weigh less than full term baby

39
Q

Pre-term baby

A

LBW and more than 3 weeks early

40
Q

What are possible causes of low birth weight?

A

Genetic factors, mother’s illness, mother exhaustion, mother’s infection, malnutrition, drug use in pregnancy, multiple births

41
Q

Why and how is Dad’s involvement important?

A

Effects health of mom and baby when he is involved throughout the pregnancy

42
Q

What is Kangaroo care?

A

Skin to skin contact; helps with attachment with babies and parents

43
Q

What is Postpartum depression?

A

Sense of inadequacy and sadness; 8%-15% of moms experience this

44
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Any substance which can cross the placental barrier and harm the developing child

45
Q

What can teratogens do?

A

They can impair prenatal development, cause birth defects, cause death of baby, behavioral teratogens

46
Q

FAS babies?

A

fetal alcohol syndrome; the worst effects of alcohol during pregnancy (large doses of alcohol during pregnancy)

47
Q

FAE babies?

A

fetal alcohol syndrome; less severe effects of alcohol during pregnancy

48
Q

What is the interaction effect?

A

The effect of two or more teratogens at once and may cause more serious effects

49
Q

What is the most harmful viral teratogen?

A

HIV is the most harmful teratogen because HIV can develop into AIDS and that can reduce the chance of the baby’s survival

lifespan development (5 decks)

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