Lifespan Chapter 2

Question 1

What is DNA?

Answer 1

DNA is the molecules that hold our hereditary information and is in every cell of our body

Question 2

How many molecules do we have?

Answer 2

46 molecules

Question 3

Where do we get our molecules from?

Answer 3

We get half of our molecules from our mom and half of our molecules from our dad

Question 4

Define Gamete

Answer 4

A reproductive cell
women = egg/ovum
men = sperm

Question 5

Define Zygote

Answer 5

created from sperm and ovum

Question 6

Define Genotype

Answer 6

Our genetic potential (what could happen)

Question 7

Define phenotype

Answer 7

Our genetic expression (what actually occur in our genes)

Question 8

Define monozygotic twins

Answer 8

Identical twins from one conception; fertilized egg splits into 2 zygotes

Question 9

Define dizygotic twins

Answer 9

Fraternal twins are 2 eggs fertilized at the same time

Question 10

What is the chromosomal pattern for females?

Answer 10

XX

Question 11

What is the chromosomal pattern for males?

Answer 11

XY

Question 12

What is polygenic?

Answer 12

Affected by many genes (ex. eye, hair, skin color)

Question 13

What is multifactorial?

Answer 13

Affected by genes and the environment (ex. height)

Question 14

What is a chromosomal abnormality?

Answer 14

½ of all zygotes have wrong number of chromosomes

Question 15

What are some chromosomal abnormalities?

Answer 15

Down syndrome (extra chromosome) and Klinefelter syndrome (a male with XXY chromosome)

Question 16

What is a amniocentesis test and what can it tell us?

Answer 16

takes amniotic fluid to test for genetic abnormalities

Question 17

What is a chorionic villa sampling test and what can it tell us?

Answer 17

at about about 10 weeks; sample of chorion is tested for chromosomal abnormality

Question 18

What is a sonogram test and what can it tell us?

Answer 18

uses sound waves to create image of child and by 16 weeks can tell sex of child

Question 19

What are the stages of pregnancy?

Answer 19

Germinal, embryonic, and fetal

Question 20

Germinal phase

Answer 20

1st 2 weeks after conception; zygote travels down fallopian tube toward uterus; cell division and growth continues

60% of natural conceptions fail to implant

70% of IVF fail to implant

Question 21

Embryonic phase

Answer 21

3rd to 8th week; differentiation occurs and mass of cells becomes a distinct being; neural tube forms (brain and spinal column)

4th week heart system forms

5th week arms and legs form

Weights 1g and 1 inch long

Question 22

Fetal phase

Answer 22

9th week until birth; sex organs began to take shape

Male determines child’s sex

Has all body parts and is 3oz and 3 inches at 12 weeks

Question 23

What is the age of viability?

Answer 23

When the baby can survive outside the womb with special care

Question 24

When is the age of viability?

Answer 24

About 22 weeks after conception

Question 25

How does the birth process begin?

Answer 25

Begins about 38 weeks after conception and the fetus' brain signals the mom's pituitary gland to release oxytocin to begin contractions; can last about 8 hours

Question 26

What are Braxton-Hicks?

Answer 26

False labor contractions; irregular in timing and intensity of contractions; can start in 4th month of pregnancy

Question 27

Stage 1 of birth

Answer 27

Position: head down; contractions about 8-10 min apart and last about 30 sec Stage can take about 8 hours Baby's head moves into birth canal at the end

Question 28

Stage 2 of birth

Answer 28

Baby's head moves through birth canal Lasts about 90 minutes Each contraction helps Episiotomy – increases vaginal opening Ends when baby is outside the mom

Question 29

Stage 3 of birth

Answer 29

Umbilical cord and placenta are expelled Shortest stage Lasts only fer minutes Culture influences birth process Is physically the same in all people

Question 30

Exact moment of birth

Answer 30

When baby emerges from mom's body Most cry on their own Umbilical cord now cut Clear baby's mouth and nose

Question 31

What is the APGAR test and what does it measure?

Answer 31

appearance (color), pulse (heart rate), grimace (reflex), activity (muscle tone), respiration (breathing)

Question 32

When is the APGAR test given?

Answer 32

Given at 1 and 5 minutes after birth

Question 33

Why is the APGAR test given?

Answer 33

To see if extra medical care or emergency medical care is needed

Question 34

What is a cesarean birth?

Answer 34

surgical delivery of a child

Question 35

Low birth weight (LBW)

Answer 35

Birth weight is below 5 ½ pounds

Question 36

Very low birth weight(VLBW)

Answer 36

Birth weight is below 3 ½ pounds

Question 37

Extremely low birth weight(ELBW)

Answer 37

Birth weight is below 2 pounds 3 oz

Question 38

Small for gestational age (SGA)

Answer 38

Born close to due date but weigh less than full term baby

Question 39

Pre-term baby

Answer 39

LBW and more than 3 weeks early

Question 40

What are possible causes of low birth weight?

Answer 40

Genetic factors, mother's illness, mother exhaustion, mother's infection, malnutrition, drug use in pregnancy, multiple births

Question 41

Why and how is Dad’s involvement important?

Answer 41

Effects health of mom and baby when he is involved throughout the pregnancy

Question 42

What is Kangaroo care?

Answer 42

Skin to skin contact; helps with attachment with babies and parents

Question 43

What is Postpartum depression?

Answer 43

Sense of inadequacy and sadness; 8%-15% of moms experience this

Question 44

What are teratogens?

Answer 44

Any substance which can cross the placental barrier and harm the developing child

Question 45

What can teratogens do?

Answer 45

They can impair prenatal development, cause birth defects, cause death of baby, behavioral teratogens

Question 46

FAS babies?

Answer 46

fetal alcohol syndrome; the worst effects of alcohol during pregnancy (large doses of alcohol during pregnancy)

Question 47

FAE babies?

Answer 47

fetal alcohol syndrome; less severe effects of alcohol during pregnancy

Question 48

What is the interaction effect?

Answer 48

The effect of two or more teratogens at once and may cause more serious effects

Question 49

What is the most harmful viral teratogen?

Answer 49

HIV is the most harmful teratogen because HIV can develop into AIDS and that can reduce the chance of the baby's survival