Lifespan Flashcards
The notion that development is best described in terms of a series of abrupt shifts in behavior best fits with the _______ approach
- nurture
- continuity
- discontinuity
- nature
discontinuity
Sarah believes that memory processes develop the same way in all children. Sarah is most likely to support a ____________ position regarding human development
- universal
- discontinuous
- non-normative
- nurture
universal
Because Dr. Jefferson is interested in researching how people of different ages are affected by events, it would be most accurate to say that Dr. Jefferson is most interested in studying ____ forces
- sociocultural
- life-cycle
- psychological
- biological
life-cycle
Who is best associated with psychosocial theory?
- Erikson
- Watson
- Freud
- Bandura
Erikson
When would Erikson say is the stage of life where the biggest challenge involves committing to another in a loving relationship?
- old adulthood
- childhood
- young adulthood
- adolescence
young adulthood
In operant conditioning theory, reinforcement is to punishment as:
- good is to bad
- unwanted is to wanted
- giving is to taking
- increasing is to decreasing
increasing is to decreasing
Even though Brenda was never reinforced directly for doing so, she increased the frequency of her swearing after she saw her firend Elizabeth get a lot of attention after she swore. This is most likely an example of
- observational learning
- self-efficacy
- punishment
- operant conditioning
observational learning
Whose theory of development is best exemplified by the idea that children constuct their own knowledge and this constructed knowledge changes with age/experience?
- Bronfenbrenner
- Piaget
- Skinner
- Erikson
Piaget
What type of theorist would most likely describe human cognitive development using the anaolgy of “mental software?”
- an Eriksonian
- an operant conditioning theorist
- a social learning theorist
- an information processor
an information processor
According to ecological theory, developmentalists, the people closest to a developing child, represent their;
- macrosystem
- exosystem
- microsystem
microsystem
Professor Linwood always makes a point of learning the names of all the students in her class. She used to always be able to do this in her head but has recently found that she needs note cards to help her remember. This change in behavior is best described as:
- loss-based selection
- compensation
- the epigenetic principle
- elective selection
compensation
The notion of “balancing” work and home-life responsibilities is best associated with:
- the synchronization of individual transitions with collective familial ones
- the impact of earlier life events on current conditions
- individual timing of life events in relation to external historical events
- history determining the outcome of life
the synchronization of individual transitions with collective familial ones
Carrie is most interested in studying adolescent behavior occurring at a high school prom. Which method is most likely to help her accomplish this goal?
- structured observation
- self-report
- experiment
- naturalistic observation
naturalistic observation
You read a research article that concludes that the higher a student’s self-esteem, the worse they performed in school. This sort of relationship would best be characterized as:
- a negative correlation
- no relationship
- positive relationship
- cause and effect
a negative correlation
In the Fujita Diener (2005) study, which variable was most likely to change over time?
- a body mass index
- life satisfaction
- weight
- peronsality traits
life satisfaction
A sperm cell contains a total of 22:
- genes
- chromosomes
- sex cells
- autosomes
autosomes
Genes provide the cell with a specfic set of _________ instructions
- hormonal
- biochemical
- in vitro
- bioelectric
biochemical
Which is an example of your genotype?
- your behaviors
- your personality
- your physical appearance
- your complete set of genes
your complete set of genes
If obesity is dominant and designated as “O” and thinness is recessive and designated as “t,” how many of the following individuals would likely be obese: Ginger who is “OO,” Mary who is “Ot,” Thurston who is ‘tO,” Gilligan who is “tt?”
- 4
- 2
- 3
- 1
3
“Tri-somy 21” (three 21st chromosomes) best describes:
- Down syndrome
- sickle-cell trait
- PKU
- Huntington’s disease
Down syndrome
As dizygotic twins, Jewel and Bjork
- share about half of their genes
- share all phenotypes
- are genetically identical
- must have come from the same fertilized egg
share about half of their genes
The concept of range of reactions involves the fact that
- recessive genes are more commonly expressed than dominant genes
- each genotype can produce a variety of phenotypes
- dizygotic twins are virtually genetic identical
- the environment has little impact on behavior
each genotype can produce a variety of phenotypes
A physician has just informed pregnant Moesha that the human organism developing inside of her has just begun to show differentiation of its cells. As a knowledgeable student you would know that such an organism is technically called a(n):
- zygote
- neonate
- embryo
- fetus
zygote
Muscle and bones develop during the embryonic period from cells contained in the _______ layer
- placenta
- endoderm
- ectoderm
- mesoderm
mesoderm
Which event marks the start of the fetal period of development?
- cartilage begins to form into bone
- implantation into the uterus
- emergence from the fallopian tube
- initial formation of internal organs
initial formation of internal organs
What effect is NOT associated with fetal alcohol syndrome?
- misshapen face
- slow growth
- mental retardation
- blindness
blindness
The key lesson learned by the fact that thalidomide showed no impact when tested on prenatal rabbits but led to birth defects in prenatal humans is that:
- teratogen effects may not emerge until later in life
- teratogens impact different genotypes differently
- teratogens impact specific aspects of development
- teratogen effects are the same regardless of the time when the individual is exposed
teratogens impact different genotypes differently
Regan is a medical student who is learning a procedure in which a long needle is inserted into the abdomen of a pregnant woman. What technique is he most likely learning?
- chronic villus sampling
- amniocentesis
- genetic counseling
- ultrasound
amniocentesis
Which is expelled during afterbirth?
- ova
- fetus
- placenta
- cervix
placenta
Which is NOT a typical childbirth class technique for reducing the pain associated with delivery?
- teach deep breathing to reduce muscle tension
- teach a “coach” to attend to mother and help her cope with pain
- teach that medications have no place in the delivery room
- teach visual imagery focusing on pleasant scenes or experiences
teach that medications have no place in the delivery room
Jamal was born 34 weeks after he was conceived and weighed 6 pounds. Jamal is best described as:
- preterm and low birth weight
- full-term and low birth weight
- preterm and normal birth weight
- full-term and normal birth weight
preterm and normal birth weight
Winchester notices that every time he touches his newborn son’s cheek, the infant turns his head and appears to try and suck. This behavior exemplifies a _______ reflex.
- Babinski
- rooting
- withdrawal
- Moro
rooting
Experts define a mad cry as a:
- less intense version of a basic cry
- more intense version of a basic cry
- less intense version of a pain cry
- more intense version of a pain cry
more intense version of a basic cry
Why are African Americans babies twice as likely to die from SIDS?
- They are more liekly to have blood diseases that predispose them to SIDS
- Their parents were less intelligent that other parents
- They were more genetically predisposed to the disease
- They were more likely to be put to bed on their stomachs
They were more likely to be put to bed on their stomachs
Which person is most likely experiencing the most rapid physical growth
- Sean, who is 6 years old
- Rudolf, who is just reaching puberty
- Jose, who is 18 months old
- Elias, who is 19 years old
Jose, who is 18 months old
Malnutrition seems to be most damaging if it occurs during
- childhood
- adulthood
- adolescence
- infancy
infancy
Each neuron contains many ______ but only one _______
- terminal buttons; dendrite
- dendrites; terminal button
- cell bodies; dendrite
- dendrites; cell body
dendrites; cell body
Which is least associated with the frontal cortex?
- happiness
- sadness
- goal-oriented behavior
- vision
vision
Whose brain is most likely to have the most synapses?
- Jerry, who is a newborn
- Kramer, who is seven years old
- George, who is 14 years old
- Elaine, who is one year old
Elaine, who is one year old
To locomote is to
- emote
- perceive
- think
- move
move
Caleb is 4 months old. If he is like others his age, when he grasps a rattle, he will grasp it with;
- his thumb only
- his fingers only
- one finger from each hand
his fingers only
Nathan suddenly lets out a high-pitched cry, lowers his eyebrows, and purses his lips. You would be safest in assuming that Nathan is:
- happy
- playing peek-a-boo
- experiencing pain
- cold
experiencing pain
Which innate preference is used to help researchers assess infants’ visual abilities?
- a preference for colored objects over black/white objects
- a preference for striped objects over plain objects
- a preference for stationary objects over moving objects
- a preference for angled objects over round objects
a preference for striped objects over plain objects
What infant response did Gibson and Walk (1960) measure in their visual cliff research?
- visual acuity
- muscle tone
- visual fixation
- heart rate
visual acuity
The image of a person is identical on the retinas of a child, whereas the image of a dog is much different on the left retina than it is on the right. This means that the child will perceive:
- the dog to be closer than the person
- the person and the dog to be far away
- the person to be closer than the dog
- the person and the dog to be very close
the dog to be closer than the person
The fact that 6-month-olds will look for long periods of time at toys that they had previously been only able to touch suggests that infants
- demonstrate the use of retinal disparity
- cannot integrate tactile sensations as readily as auditory sensations
- demonstrate visual acuity
- are able to integrate visual and tactile information
are able to integrate visual and tactile information
Salvador has a scheme for drawing with a crayon that had to be changed in order to learn how to paint a picture with a brush. This adaptation is an example of:
- egocentrism
- assimilation
- accomodation
- animism
accommodation
Dr. Eco has a strong belief that global warming is a theoretical myth. In recent years, however, the increased rate of polar ice cap melt has forced him to alter his theory, and he is now a strong advocate against greenhouse pollutants. A Piagetian would most likely describe Dr. Eco’s theoretical conversion in terms of:
- equilibration
- the one-to-one principle
- abstract thinking
- overextension
equilibration
Six-month-old Teddy is playing with his favorite toy, a stuffed bear. Suddenly a blanket falls off the shelf and covers his bear. According to Piaget, Teddy would most likely:
- reach but not search for the bear
- search but not reach for the bear
- neither reach nor search for the bear
- both reach and search for the bear
neither reach nor search for the bear
When Andy bumps into a table, he says to it, “You bumped into me because you’re mean.” Andy is exhibiting:
- animism
- the cardinality priniple
- irrecersibility
- egocentrism
animism
Seven-month-old LeBron appears to possess a sense of “naive physics.” Which of LeBron’s actions would indicate that he does possess this sense?
- his suprise when he sees a basketball go through a hoop
- his suprise when he hears his dad cheering while watching a basketball game on television
- his surprise when a basket ball appears to be hanging in mid air when it is not attached to a string or other supporting device
- His suprise when he drops a ball and it falls on the floor
his suprise when a basketball appears to be hanging in mid air when it is not attached to a string or other supporting device
Which statement best exemplifies the concept of essentialism?
- “A monkey raised by people will become a human”
- “The purpose of popcorn is to make kids happy when they are at the movies”
- “Fish have a special ‘fishness’ that allows them to breathe underwater”
- “If your parent says ‘no’ then you should not do it”
“Fish have a special ‘fishness’ that allows them to breathe underwater”
Which is the best example of a question designed to assess autobiographical memory?
- Where is the queen initially located on a chessboard?
- Who taught you how to ride a bike?
- When was Abraham Lincoln elected president?
- What is the capital of Wisconsin?
Who taught you how to ride a bike?
What can be done to improve the credibility of the testimony of a child?
- Convince the child that the people asking her questions are important people who are only trying to help her remember what happened
- Use questions that test a number of different explanations concerning the event
- There is no need to improve the credibility, since the memories of children are actually less fragile than the memories of adults
- Question the child many times to make sure the child is convinced of the events
Use questions that test a number of different explanations concerning the event.
When asked to count to the 4 beer bottles placed in front of him, 3-year-old Bud says, “1, 3, 4, there are 4!” When asked to count the bottles a second time, he says, “2, 5, 7, 4, there are 4!” Bud’s counting skills demonstrate that he is capable of demonstrating the ______ principle of counting
- organization
- stable-order
- one-to-one
- cardinality
cardinality
Dr. Gunga is attempting to determine the zone of proximal development for Dinn when Dinn works on complex mazes. In order to do so, Dr. Gunga must meaure Dinn’s personal performance on the maze and:
- Dinn’s peers’ performance on the same maze
- Dinn’s maze performance when assisted by a skilled helper
- Dinn’s performance on several other Piagetian tasks
- how well Dinn performed on the same maze earlier in his life
Dinn’s maze performance when assisted by a skilled helper
Which is the best example of a phoneme?
- The consonant sound “d”
- The overall sound of the word “dog”
- The words “the dog ran”
- The sentence, “The dog ran out of the rain”
the consonant sound “d”
When six-month-old Gabby says “tahtahtah,” she is:
- using telegraphic speech
- engaging in private speech
- cooing
- babbling
babbling
The process in which children acquire new words to referents at such a speed that they cannot be considering all meanings for the new word is called:
- fast mapping
- quick time
- telegraphic speech
- habituation
fast mapping
Two year-old Sam’s limited vocabulary consists of words like “book,” “dog,” and “hat.” Apparently, Sam:
- has an expressive style
- is unable to use phonemes
- is nonsymbolic
- has a referential style
has a referential style
Which statment by a 17-month-old best represents telegraphic speech?
- “Go”
- “Can we go to the store?”
- “Go store”
- “I go to the store”
“Go store”
When discussing the acquisition of grammar, which type of theorist would be most likely to say, “Context and genetics are overrated, what really matters is imitation and reinforcement?”
- a social-interaction theorist
- a cognitive theorist
- a linguistic approach theorist
- a behaviorist
a behaviorist
Carmela is struggling in the “autonomy versus guilt and shame” stage of psychosocial development. What aspect of her psychosocial development will result from her successful resolution of this conflict?
- wariness
- purpose
- hope
- will
will
Although Jamie has an enormous amount fo initiative, he does not possess “purpose.” According to Erikson, this is probably because Jamie:
- has not learned to cooperate with others
- trusts too much
- has no “will”
- was never wary of other people
has not learned to cooperate with others
Dr. Ginesberg’s lecture on attachment concludes that babies express behavior that makes it more likely they will form attachments to adults because, in the past, infants that expressed these behaviors were the infants that survived. Dr. Ginesberg is presenting a(n) ____ approach to attachment
- psychological
- evolutionary
- anthropological
- sociocultural
evolutionary
Which normally maturing infant would be most likely to have just formed their first true attachment
- Calvin, who is one day old
- Coolidge, who is twelve months old
- Kline, who is four months old
- Bobbs, who is eight months old
Hobbs, who is eight months old
When faith’s mother leaves her alone in a room, she does not move and appears a bit dazed. Faith is most likely exhibiting a(n)_______ attachment
- avoidant
- disorganized
- resistant
- secure
disorganized
The fact that infant Ricardo has come to expect that his mother is not available when he needs her means that Ricardo has developed
- temperament
- an internal working model
- autonomy
- parallel play
an internal working model
Which statement is true regarding basic emotions?
- they are experienced by people in all cultures
- most of them begin to develop after 12-months-old
- they have a self-evaluative component
- they are not reflected in facial expressions
they are experienced by people in all cultures
Copmlex emotions differ from basic emotions in that complex emotions require some understanding of:
- self
- waking states
- purpose
- biology
self
Stan is playing with his ball, and Olly is playing with his doll, but they are each wathcing what the other is doing. Stan and Olly are most likely involved in:
- prosocial behavior
- cooperative play
- simple social play
- parallel play
parallel play
While the typical 1.5-year-old spends the majority of time engaged in ______ play, the typical 4-year-old spends most of their time in _________ play
- parallel; simple social
- cooperative; simple social
- parallel; cooperative
- simple social; parallel
parallel; cooperative
Which term does not fit with the notion of “constricting” during play?
- support
- exaggeration
- threats
- contradiction
support
Basic acts of altruistic behavior first appear around _____ months of age
- 24
- 30
- 12
- 18
18
One of the most effective ways for Dottie to get her child to engage in altruistic behavior is for Dottie to:
- do nothing and let the child’s natural altruistic instict take over
- model the behavior herself
- not dwell on or praise any spontaneous acts of altruism she observes in her child
- avoid discipline
model the behavior herself
In general, boys are _____ than girls
- better able to express emotions
- less aggressive
- more readily influenced by others
- better at spatial tasks
better at spatial tasks
As a typical American father, Hans would be most upset if his son Franz:
- showed affection toward him
- was aggressive
- engaged in sex-role stereotype behaviors
- wanted to play “house”
wanted to play “house”
When three-year-old Juan, who is male, says “I’m going to grow up to be a mommy,” he is failing to demonstrate:
- gender stability
- gender identity
- gender labeling
- will
gender stability
Which refelcts a basic ability available only to a formal operational thinker?
- “Realistically speaking…”
- “Speaking from experience, I…”
- “Speaking on behalf of others, I…”
- “Hypothetically speaking…”
“Hypothetically speaking…”
Angelica and her younger brother Houston are both given 3 fountain pens, each containing clear ink, and informed that some combination of ink will yield a color. Because Angelica is a formal operational thinker and Houston is a concrete operational thinker, how will their behavior likely differ?
- Angelica will use a piece of paper to draw out the problem
- Houston will only use 2 of the pens
- Houston will watch how Angelica solves the problem and then repeat her steps
- Angelica will spend more time thinking about the task and be more systematic when attempting to solve it
Angelica will spend more time thinking about the task and be more systematic when attempting to solve it
Working memory is best described as being
- temporary and unlimited in capacity
- permanent and limited in capacity
- permanent and unlimited in capacity
- temporary and limited in capcity
temporary and limited in capacity
Bea has temendous insight into “deep” questions like, “Why are we born to die?” According to Gardner, Bea would rate high on a scale of ______ intelligence
- interpersonal
- logical-mathematical
- existential
- bodily-kinesthetic
existential
Tarzan is building a cage for his pet monkey when his hammer breaks. The fact that Tarzan is able to realize that he might be able to use a frozen banana as a substitute for a hammer indicates that he has a high level of _____ ability
- practical
- familial
- creative
- analytical
creative
In recent years the definition of “gifted” has:
- narrowed to include only those in the top 5% of their graduating class
- broadened to include all IQ tests
- broadened to include areas like dance and music
- narrowed to include only scores from the Stanford-Binet test
broadened to include areas like dance and music
Who would most likely do the best job of playing a game in which the goal was to list as many novel ways to use a banana as posisble?
- Kala, who is a concrete operational thinker
- Terk, who is a preoperational thinker
- Dole, who is a very good divergent thinker
- Kong, who is a very good convergent thinker
Dole, who is a very good divergent thinker
In the Brouno and colleagues (2007) study on reading disabilities, _____ served as the independent variable
- the amount of words presented
- reading speed
- reading accuracy
- the size font of a word
the amount of words presented
If you lacked phonological awareness, you would have great difficulty in
- hearing the difference between the words “putt” and “butt”
- believing that a rocking chair cannot move on its own
- understanding that words are symbolic representations of objects
- writing the word “cat” even if you knew how it was spelled
hearing the difference between the words “putt” and “butt”
Which behavior indicates that Mandy is using a knowledge-transforming strategy when writing her psychology term paper?
- When she considers how fun it would be to skip the paper andhead to the beach
- When she begins by writing down any ideas about psychology that pop into her mind
- When, before she writes anything, she decides that the point fo the paper would be to make her psychology teacher mad
- When she sounds out the letters to words that she does not know how to spell
When, before she writes anything, she decides that the point of the paper would be to make her psychology teacher mad
Which task would an average elementary-age girl perform better than an average elementary-age boy?
- jumping over a bar
- throwing a softball
- writing her name in cursive
- hanging from the monkey bars
writing her name in cursive
When Ki-Jana asks his parents if he can buy a car, his parents say no but sit down and explain to him the reasoning behind their decision. His parents epxress affection toward him and tell him that they may consider the matter at some later time. Which parenting style best describes Ki-Jana’s parents?
- authoritarian
- permissive
- uninvolved
- authoritative
Because they have a permissive parenting style, you would predict that Al and Sue’s son would
- have limited self-control
- have control over his behavior
- be self-reliant
- earn high grades in school
have limited self control
Fugi watches her older sister getting yelled at after she throws an apple across the kitchen. Fugi is now less likely to throw an apple across the kitchen herself. This kind of learning through observation would be best described as:
- time-out
- a negative reinforcement trap
- direct instruction
- counter imitation
If you’re going to use time-out, make sure that:
- the time-out period is at least a half hour long
- you totally ignore the behavior the next time it occurs
- you use other forms of punishmentat the same time
- you explain the reasons for the time-out to the child after the time-out period is over
you explain the reasons for the time-out to the child after the time-out period is over
Which advice should you give parents who are trying to reduce their children’s sibling conflict?
- “Next time try and not have your children so close together in age”
- “Try to keep your marital problems to yourself”
- “Admit that you have a ‘favorite’”
- “It would be helpful if you didn’t have all girls”
“Try to keep your marital problems to yourself”
