Life Span Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Which life span developmentalists used a naturalistic approach to study child development in their natural habitat?

A

Tinbergen and Lorenz

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2
Q

Piaget used the ______ method to observe children.

A

clinical

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3
Q

Prenatal development is divided into which three stages?

A

1) germinal (fertilization to two weeks)
2) embryonic (2-8 weeks)
3) Fetal (8 weeks - to birth)

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4
Q

Germinal Stage

A

rapid cell division and implantation on the uterine wall

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5
Q

embryonic stage

A

rapid differentiation of major body systems and organ development to make the embryo particularly vulnerable to influences upon the prenatal environment.

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6
Q

fetal stage

A

the body systems and the organs of the fetus that were formed and differentiated during the preceding embryonic stage have the opportunity to grow

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7
Q

Prelinguistic phase of language production

A

includes the basic cry (first 3 weeks), sound variety beyond this (3 weeks to 4-5 months), and babling (last half of first year)

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8
Q

Babbling consists of

A

vowel-like and consonant-like sounds articulated with adult intonations

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9
Q

kellog and Kellog’s work with Donald and Gua

A

Gua raised with Donald; important for language development

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10
Q

Gardner and Gardner

A

work with Washoe and the American Sign Language for the deaf. Washoe learned over 300 words this way.

An interesting feature of human language is the babbling stage when babies make many meaningless sounds of the language. Although, not surprising, during the early stage of the project Washoe did not babble she did make many sign like gestures without any meaning. The Gardners called this ‘manual babbling’.

Washoe was also demonstrating displacement - that is referring to things that were not present. She could also spontaneously combine two signs e.g. “gimme tickle”.

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11
Q

Premack (Sarah and plastic sentences)

A

argue that it is possible to teach language to (non-human) great apes. They write that: “We now know that someone who comprehends speech must know language, even if he or she cannot produce it.” [1]

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12
Q

Rumbaugh

A

Fascinating computer-based Lana project

The researchers stated Lana showed that she could discriminate between lexigrams, sequence words grammatically and make novel utterances, demonstrating language learning.

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13
Q

Which two prominent voices were opposed to language testing?

A

Vygotsky (child’s social world) and Piaget (child’s physical world)

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14
Q

At what age, according to Piaget, does a child acquire conservation skills?

A

7 during the concrete operational stage (7-11)

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15
Q

Describe ages of Piaget’s stages of child development

A

Sensorimotor (birth to 2)

Preoperational Stage (2-7)

Concrete Operational Stage (7-11)

Formal Operational Stage (11-15)

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16
Q

Patterns of development

A

cephalocaudal (head most fully developed first, i.e., a top down pattern)

proximodistal (torso center toward extremities)

general to specific (large motor before fine motor movement)

17
Q

Moro Reflex

A

outstretched arms, legs, and crying to sudden change in environment

18
Q

babinski reflex

A

toes outward and upward to a sole of the foot touch

19
Q

rooting

A

head turn toward mild lips/cheek stimulus

20
Q

sucking reflex

A

response to objects touching lips

21
Q

plantar

A

toes curl under a finger press against ball of the foot

22
Q

eye blink reflex

A

to flashed light

23
Q

Describe the infant’s viewing preferences:

A

complex over simple; curved over straight; human faces over random patterns or mixed features

24
Q

Separation Anxiety

A

fear response occurs when primary caregiver is asbsent (occurs between 8-15 months)

25
Q

Heritability of temperament psychologists?

A

Kagan- shyness

Emde- identical twins (temperament)

26
Q

Describe Freud’s Psychosexual theory of development

A

Oral Stage (birth to 1)

Anal Stage (1-3)

Phallic Stage (3-5-6) Oedipus and Elektra Complexes

Latency (5-6- to puberty)

Genital Stage (puberty to adult)

27
Q

Gesell studied

A

physical maturation through observational studies

28
Q

Kohlberg Stages

A

Premoral/ Precoventional–>
Obedience and Punishment orientation
Self-interest orientation
Conventional morality
Interpersonal accord and conformity
Law and social order maintaining
Moral Principles/ Post-Conventional
Social Contract
Universal Ethical Principles

29
Q

Gilligan

A

Opposed Kohlberg and Erickson. She advocated for women’s moral experiences. Morality of care vs. Morality of justice.

1- Goal is individual survival
2- Self-sacrifice is goodness
3- Goal of nonviolence; do not harm self or others

30
Q

Myths about decline in _______ and _________ are being disconfirmed through research.

A

intelligence and sexual activity

31
Q

Effects of divorce on children work by Hetherington

A

less impact on younger children, and adjustment period of 2 years

32
Q

Dementia caused by alcoholism, malnutrition and toxicity are

A

reversible

33
Q

Symbolic Play

A

usually begins when children are 1 to 2 years old and involves pretend roles imagination and using objects to represent other things. when children reach this point, it is apparent that they can understand the concept of having one object stand for another.

34
Q

Parallel Play

A

usually occurs when children are 2-3 years old. It is when 2 children are standing next to each other and playing in similar styles but are playing by themselves and not interacting with one another

35
Q

Stanley Milgram’s stimulus-overload theory

A

explains why urbanites are less prosocial than country people are.

36
Q

Acromelagy

A

a condition in which the pituitary glands produces too much growth hormone