Life Span Development Flashcards
Which life span developmentalists used a naturalistic approach to study child development in their natural habitat?
Tinbergen and Lorenz
Piaget used the ______ method to observe children.
clinical
Prenatal development is divided into which three stages?
1) germinal (fertilization to two weeks)
2) embryonic (2-8 weeks)
3) Fetal (8 weeks - to birth)
Germinal Stage
rapid cell division and implantation on the uterine wall
embryonic stage
rapid differentiation of major body systems and organ development to make the embryo particularly vulnerable to influences upon the prenatal environment.
fetal stage
the body systems and the organs of the fetus that were formed and differentiated during the preceding embryonic stage have the opportunity to grow
Prelinguistic phase of language production
includes the basic cry (first 3 weeks), sound variety beyond this (3 weeks to 4-5 months), and babling (last half of first year)
Babbling consists of
vowel-like and consonant-like sounds articulated with adult intonations
kellog and Kellog’s work with Donald and Gua
Gua raised with Donald; important for language development
Gardner and Gardner
work with Washoe and the American Sign Language for the deaf. Washoe learned over 300 words this way.
An interesting feature of human language is the babbling stage when babies make many meaningless sounds of the language. Although, not surprising, during the early stage of the project Washoe did not babble she did make many sign like gestures without any meaning. The Gardners called this ‘manual babbling’.
Washoe was also demonstrating displacement - that is referring to things that were not present. She could also spontaneously combine two signs e.g. “gimme tickle”.
Premack (Sarah and plastic sentences)
argue that it is possible to teach language to (non-human) great apes. They write that: “We now know that someone who comprehends speech must know language, even if he or she cannot produce it.” [1]
Rumbaugh
Fascinating computer-based Lana project
The researchers stated Lana showed that she could discriminate between lexigrams, sequence words grammatically and make novel utterances, demonstrating language learning.
Which two prominent voices were opposed to language testing?
Vygotsky (child’s social world) and Piaget (child’s physical world)
At what age, according to Piaget, does a child acquire conservation skills?
7 during the concrete operational stage (7-11)
Describe ages of Piaget’s stages of child development
Sensorimotor (birth to 2)
Preoperational Stage (2-7)
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11)
Formal Operational Stage (11-15)
Patterns of development
cephalocaudal (head most fully developed first, i.e., a top down pattern)
proximodistal (torso center toward extremities)
general to specific (large motor before fine motor movement)
Moro Reflex
outstretched arms, legs, and crying to sudden change in environment
babinski reflex
toes outward and upward to a sole of the foot touch
rooting
head turn toward mild lips/cheek stimulus
sucking reflex
response to objects touching lips
plantar
toes curl under a finger press against ball of the foot
eye blink reflex
to flashed light
Describe the infant’s viewing preferences:
complex over simple; curved over straight; human faces over random patterns or mixed features
Separation Anxiety
fear response occurs when primary caregiver is asbsent (occurs between 8-15 months)
Heritability of temperament psychologists?
Kagan- shyness
Emde- identical twins (temperament)
Describe Freud’s Psychosexual theory of development
Oral Stage (birth to 1)
Anal Stage (1-3)
Phallic Stage (3-5-6) Oedipus and Elektra Complexes
Latency (5-6- to puberty)
Genital Stage (puberty to adult)
Gesell studied
physical maturation through observational studies
Kohlberg Stages
Premoral/ Precoventional–>
Obedience and Punishment orientation
Self-interest orientation
Conventional morality
Interpersonal accord and conformity
Law and social order maintaining
Moral Principles/ Post-Conventional
Social Contract
Universal Ethical Principles
Gilligan
Opposed Kohlberg and Erickson. She advocated for women’s moral experiences. Morality of care vs. Morality of justice.
1- Goal is individual survival
2- Self-sacrifice is goodness
3- Goal of nonviolence; do not harm self or others
Myths about decline in _______ and _________ are being disconfirmed through research.
intelligence and sexual activity
Effects of divorce on children work by Hetherington
less impact on younger children, and adjustment period of 2 years
Dementia caused by alcoholism, malnutrition and toxicity are
reversible
Symbolic Play
usually begins when children are 1 to 2 years old and involves pretend roles imagination and using objects to represent other things. when children reach this point, it is apparent that they can understand the concept of having one object stand for another.
Parallel Play
usually occurs when children are 2-3 years old. It is when 2 children are standing next to each other and playing in similar styles but are playing by themselves and not interacting with one another
Stanley Milgram’s stimulus-overload theory
explains why urbanites are less prosocial than country people are.
Acromelagy
a condition in which the pituitary glands produces too much growth hormone
