Barron's

Question 1

Forward pairing

Answer 1

CS precedes the UCS

Question 2

Forward pairing (Delayed)

Answer 2

CS is presented before the US and it (CS) stays on until the US is presented. This is generally the best, especially when the delay is short.

Question 3

Forward pairing (traced)

Answer 3

discrete event is presented, then the US occurs. Shorter the interval the better, but as you can tell, this approach is not very effective.

Question 4

second-order conditioning

Answer 4

when a new CS is paired with a previously learned CS instead of an UCS during learning

3) tone – light
--> CR (salivation)

4) tone – light
--> CR (salivation )

Question 5

Reinforcement is:

Answer 5

any consequence that increases the likelihood of the event occuring

Question 6

Positive reinforcement

Answer 6

presentation of appetitive stimulus

Question 7

Negative reinforcement

Answer 7

removal of aversive stimulus

Question 8

During acquisitions of a learned response, the plateau is referred to as the

Answer 8

asymptope

Question 9

Partial reinforcement schedules are MORE or LESS resistant to extinction over the long term?

Answer 9

MORE

Question 10

The total number of responses an animal has made are plotted in a

Answer 10

cumulative record of performance

Question 11

Ratio schedules give reinforcement on the basis of

Answer 11

responses made

Question 12

interval schedules give reinforcement on the basis of

Answer 12

time

Question 13

Variable ratio schedules produce very ________ levels of responding

Answer 13

high

Question 14

Hebb

Answer 14

Neurons that fire together, WIRE together

The theory attempts to explain associative or Hebbian learning, in which simultaneous activation of cells leads to pronounced increases in synaptic strength between those cells, and provides a biological basis for errorless learning methods for education and memory rehabilitation.

Question 15

Belongingness

Answer 15

Garcia’s term: some associations are easier to learn and others are simply impossible.

Due to biological constraints; this contradicts equipotentiality principle

Question 16

Which behaviorist theory might explain compulsive behaviors?

Answer 16

Mowrer’s two process theory can explain compulsive behaviors.

Question 17

Which behaviorist theory might explain feelings of helplessness and depression?

Answer 17

contingency theory

Contingency Theory of Classical Conditioning. For Pavlov, the key variable in associative learning was the number of times the CS was paired with the US. As the number of pairings increases, the strength of the association between CS and US increases.

Question 18

Leon Kamin’s Blocking Effect

Answer 18

Kamin blocking refers to failures of learning and/or the expression of classically conditioned responses (CRs) when a target conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented to an animal as part of a compound that includes another CS that had been used previously to establish the target CR.

EXAMPLE: Blocking effect for mice. Left: pairings of light (CS1) and food (US) causes salivation (CR). Unshown: after training, CS1 alone causes CR. Mid: pairing of CS1, tone (CS2), and US causes CR. Right: CS2 alone doesn’t trigger CR.

Question 19

Rescorla-Wagner Model of classical conditioning:

Answer 19

The Rescorla–Wagner model is a model of classical conditioning in which the animal is said to learn from the discrepancy between what is expected to happen and what actually happens. This is a trial-level model in which each stimulus is either present or not present at some point in the trial.

Question 20

Wolfgang Köhler studied learning that was not gradual (like conditioning) but instead was

Answer 20

insightful

Question 21

Steven’s Power Law

Answer 21

a proposed relationship between the physical magnitude of the stimulus and it’s perceived intensity or strength

Question 22

Signal detection theory

Answer 22

the cognitive bias or expectations of the sensing person

Question 23

ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curve

Answer 23

the proportion of of times a signal is reported when presented and the proportion of times a signal is reported erroneously when none was presented, and the variation found in these proportions as a function of “conservative reporting” versus “liberal reporting” instructions given to subjects. This constitutes the ROC curve

Question 24

Sensory: Methods of limits

Answer 24

using a stimulus such as a light, alternating intensity direction with each presentation

Question 25

Sensory: Methods of constant stimuli

Answer 25

Stimuli of specific intensities are presented, the measurement being whether detection occurs

Question 26

Sensory: Magnitude estimation

Answer 26

two stimuli of different intensities are presented together then the S is asked to compare the two and express a numerical ratio of their relative magnitudes

Question 27

Each rod and each cone has its own

Answer 27

bipolar cell.

Question 28

Convergent eye movement

Answer 28

When the eyes move in, it is a convergence eye movement; when the eyes move out, it is a divergence eye movement.

Question 29

Binocular summation

Answer 29

means that the detection threshold for a stimulus is lower with two eyes than with one

Question 30

Hubel and Wiesel nobel laureates in visual systems

Answer 30

discovered columnar organization of cells

Question 31

phonology

Answer 31

sound structure

Question 32

Vestibular system

Answer 32

Balance

Question 33

George von Bekesy

Answer 33

Auditory; cochlea functioning