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Spring 2024 > Life 103 Final > Flashcards

Life 103 Final Flashcards

1
Q

3 components to circulatory systems

A

circulatory fluid, set of tubes, muscular pump

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2
Q

What class of organisms have a body cavity that is only 2 cells thick and that encloses a gastrovascular cavity (simplest form)?

A

Cnidarians

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3
Q

Small and simple organisms use what in place of a circulatory system?

A

Passive Diffusion

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4
Q

The fraction of the total blood volume occupied by red blood cells

A

Hematocrit

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5
Q

2 types of leukocytes

A

Granular and Agranular

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6
Q

What cells are classified as Granular leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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7
Q

What cells are classified as Agranular leukocytes?

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

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8
Q

What is Hematopoiesis

A

blood cell production

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9
Q

2 types of stem cells

A

Lymphoid and Myeloid

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10
Q

What is Erythropoietin?

A

stimulates the production of erythrocytes

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11
Q

What does Somatic NS do?

A

stimulates skeletal muscles

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12
Q

What does Autonomic NS do?

A

stimulates smooth and cardiac muscles, as well as glands

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13
Q

3 types of neurons

A

sensory, motor, interneurons

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14
Q

Function of sensory neurons?

A

carry impulses to central nervous system

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15
Q

Function of motor neurons?

A

carry impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

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16
Q

Function of interneurons?

A

provides more complex reflexes and associative functions

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17
Q

Basic components of neurons

A

cell body, dendrites, and axon

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18
Q

Enlarged part of a neuron containing nucleus

A

Cell Body

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19
Q

Short part of a neuron, cytoplasmic extensions that receive stimuli

A

Dendrites

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20
Q

Single, long extension of a neuron that conducts impulses away from cell body

A

Axon

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21
Q

Produce myelin sheaths surrounding axons.

A

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

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22
Q

Support neurons both structurally and functionally

A

Neuroglia

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23
Q

Negative pole

A

cytoplasmic side

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24
Q

Positive pole

A

extracellular fluid side

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25
Q

3 things that make up the interior of a cell in the nervous system

A
  1. Sodium-potassium pump
  2. ion leakage channels
  3. differential distribution of other ions and molecules across the pm
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26
Q

Balance between diffusional force and electrical force

A

Equilibrium Potential

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27
Q

2 types of synapses

A

Presynaptic and postsynaptic

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28
Q

Function of presynaptic cell

A

transmits action potential

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29
Q

Function of postsynaptic cell

A

receives action potential

30
Q

Neurotransmitters (4)

A

Acetylcholine, Amino Acids, Biogenic Amines, Neuropeptides

31
Q

Type of Neurotransmitter:
- Crosses the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
- Binds to receptor in the postsynaptic membrane
- Causes ligand-gated ion channels to open
- Stimulates muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine

32
Q

Function of Acetylcholinesterase

A

Breaks down ACh and causes muscle relaxation

33
Q

2 types of amino acids that are involved in neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate, Glycine and GABA

34
Q

Role of Glutamate in nervous system

A

Major excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate CNS

35
Q

Role of Glycine and GABA in the nervous system

A

are inhibitory neurotransmitters
Open ligand-gated channels for Cl-
Produce a hyperpolarization called an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

36
Q

4 types of Biogenic Amines in the nervous system

A

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine Dopamine, Serotonin

37
Q

Function of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the nervous system

A

are responsible for the “fight or flight” response

38
Q

Function of dopamine in the nervous system

A

is used in some areas of the brain that control body movements
Also acts outside the nervous system as a paracrine messenger and vasodilator

39
Q

Function of serotonin in the nervous system? What hormone is it coupled with?

A

Is involved in the regulation of sleep
Coupled with hormone melatonin

40
Q

Neuropeptides involved in the nervous system

A

Substance P and Nitric Oxide

41
Q

Function of Substance P in the nervous system

A

(small peptide) is released from sensory neurons activated by painful stimuli

42
Q

Function of Nitric Oxide in the nervous system

A

Causes smooth muscle relaxation

43
Q

Increased signal speed in an axon can be caused by:

A

increased diameter of axon and saltatory conduction via nodes of Ranvier

44
Q

2 ways that the membrane can reach the threshold voltage

A

Spatial Summation and Temporal Summation

45
Q

secretes hormones that coordinate slower but longer-acting responses including reproduction, development, energy, metabolism, growth, and behavior

A

Endocrine system

46
Q

conveys high-speed electrical signals along specialized cells called neurons; these signals regulate other cells

A

Nervous System

47
Q

How many human hormones have been identified?

48
Q

are chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body

49
Q

What do exogenous chemicals do to hormone signaling?

A

interfere with hormone signaling

50
Q

Secreted Chemicals Include:

A
  1. Hormones
  2. Local Regulators
  3. Neurotransmitters
  4. Neurohormones
  5. Pheromones
51
Q

Have ducts and secrete substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities
Ex: tear ducts, sweat glands, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, mammary glands, stomach

A

Exocrine glands

52
Q

Examples of Exocrine Glands

A

tear ducts, sweat glands, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, mammary glands, stomach

53
Q

How do hormones work?

A

Chemical signals bind to receptors on target cells
Only target cells respond to the signal
Hormone is expressed as needed

54
Q

are chemical signals that travel over short distances by diffusion

A

Local Regulators

55
Q

What do local regulators help to do?

A

Help regulate blood pressure, nervous system function, and reproduction

56
Q

2 Groups of Local Regulators

A

Paracrine and Autocrine

57
Q

Which group of local regulators?
Signals act on cells near the secreting cells

A

Paracrine Signaling

58
Q

Which group of local regulators?
Signals act on the secreting cell itself

A

Autocrine Signaling

59
Q

Cell to cell signaling driven by nervous system

A

Synaptic signaling

60
Q

Chemical signals released from the body and used to communicate with other individuals in the species
Mark traits to food sources, warn of predators, and attract mates

A

Pheromones

61
Q

3 major classes of hormones in vertebrates

A

Polypeptides (proteins and peptides)
Amines (derived from amino acids)
Steroid hormones

62
Q

Pass easily through cell membranes
Diffuse across cell membranes, travel in bloodstream bound to transport proteins, and diffuse through the membrane of target cells

A

Lipophilic Hormones

63
Q

(Polypeptides and Amines) Do not
Are secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-surface receptors

A

Hydrophilic Hormones

64
Q

What factor of a hormone correlates with the location of receptors inside or on the surface of target cells?

A

Solubility

65
Q

Binding of a hormone to its receptor initiates a signal transduction pathway leading to responses in the cytoplasm, enzyme activation, or a change in gene expression.

A

Water Soluble Pathway

66
Q

Lipid-soluble hormone is usually a change in gene expression
Steroids, thyroid hormones, and the hormonal form of vitamin D enter target cells and bind to protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

A

Lipid Pathway

67
Q

Act as transcription factors in the nucleus, regulating transcription of specific genes

A

Protein-receptor complexes

68
Q

Where is Vitamin D found?

A

Formed in the skin of vertebrates
Feathers and Fur block the skin
Oily secretions on fur generate the vitamin and licking absorbs it

69
Q

Where is Vitamin D transported and what is it converted into?

A

Transported to the liver
Converted into physiological active form

70
Q

What does Vitamin D regulate?

A

Calcium and phosphate in the blood
Cell proliferation and apoptosis
Neuromuscular function

Spring 2024 (5 decks)

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