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Spring 2024 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an animal?

A
  1. Multicellular
  2. Heterotrophic
  3. No Cell Walls
  4. Eukaryotic
  5. Tissues Developed From Embryonic Layers
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2
Q

What animals exhibit radial symmetry?

A

Cnidaria and many Ctenophora

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3
Q

Diploblastic

A

Having only 2 germ layers

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4
Q

Example of a diploblastic animal?

A

Cnidaria

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5
Q

Triploblastic

A

Having 3 germ layers

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6
Q

What is a protostome?

A

Mouth forms first

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7
Q

What is a deuterostome?

A

Anus forms first, mouth forms second

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8
Q

Developmental Stages:

A

Zygote, Blastula, Gastrula

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9
Q

Covers the surface and becomes the outer covering and in some phyla the central nervous system

A

Ectoderm

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10
Q

Is the innermost germ layer that lines the digestive tract and organs such as the lungs and liver in vertebrates

A

Endoderm

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11
Q

Is the 3rd layers (forms between the other 2 layers) forms muscles and most other organs. Not all animals have this.

A

Mesoderm

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12
Q

What Era?
242-251 MYA
Cambrian explosion
First fossils of arthropods, chordates, and echinoderms
Burgess Shale

A

Paleozoic Era

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13
Q

What Era?
Dinosaurs and other mammals
Coral Reefs Formed
Small Mammals

A

Mesozoic Era

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14
Q

What Era?
Diversity of mammals

A

Cenozoic Era

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15
Q

Filer Feeders
Basal Animals
Choanocyte
Spongocoel
Hermaphroditic

A

Sponges

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16
Q

Protostome
Triploblastic layer of tiny muscles around the ring of the bell
Small Nervous System
Poisonous

A

Cnidarians

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17
Q

Classes of Cnidaria

A

Hydrozoans, Scyphozoans, Cubozoans, Anthozoans

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18
Q

Phylum’s in Clade Lophotrochozoa

A

Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Mollusca, Annelida

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19
Q

What phylum of Lophotrochozoa?
Marine, Freshwater, and Terrestrial
Triploblastic Acoelomates
No Circulatory System
Hermaphrodites
Turbellarians, Monogeneans, and Trematodes
Key Animal - Flatworm

A

Platyhelminthes

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20
Q

What phylum of Lophotrochozoa?
Freshwater, marine, and terrestrial
Alimentary Canal
Many reproduce by parthenogenesis
Includes class Bdelloidea

A

Rotifera

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21
Q

What phylum of Lophotrochozoa?
Mostly marine
Secrete a hard shell - internal or external
Coelomates
3 main body parts: muscular foot, mantle, radula
Includes classes gastropoda, bivalvia, cephalopoda

A

Mollusca

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22
Q

Tongue-like feeding organ

A

Radula

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23
Q

Fold of tissue over visceral mass
Creates visceral cavity
Secretes the shell

A

Mantle

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24
Q

Are organs that allow the organism to change colors by distorting the cytoplasmic sacculus, changing the translucency or reflectivity of the cell.

A

Chromatophores

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25
Q

Are organs that allow bioluminescent light to shine from the organism.

A

Photophores

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26
Q

What phylum of Lophotrochozoa?
Key animal - earthworm
Coelomates
Marine, Freshwater, and Terrestrial
Includes Classes Oligochaeta, Polychaeta, Hirudinea

A

Annelida

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27
Q

Are ridge-like structures that are used in locomotion.

A

Parapodia

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28
Q

Phylums of Ecdysozoa (7)

A

Nematoda, Arthropoda, Cheliceriformes, Myriapoda, Hexapoda, Crustacea, Echinodermata

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29
Q

Characteristics of Arthropods

A

Cuticle, Sensory Organs, Open Circulatory System, Gas exchange, Segmented Body, Hard exoskeleton, Jointed Appendages, Cephalothorax

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30
Q

Used for sensing, feeding, or reproducing in arachnids

A

pedipalps

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31
Q

Millipeds and Centipedes

A

Myriapoda

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32
Q

Incomplete Metamorphosis

A

Young resemble the adults

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33
Q

Complete Metamorphosis

A

Young do not look like adults until maturity

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34
Q

Beetles

A

Coleoptera - Complete

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35
Q

Flies and Mosquitoes

A

Diptera - Complete

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36
Q

Ants, Bees, and Wasps

A

Hymenoptera - Complete

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37
Q

Grasshoppers, Crickets, Katydids

A

Orthoptera - Incomplete

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38
Q

Woodlice and Roly-poly’s

A

Isopods

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39
Q

Lobsters, Crabs, and Shrimp

A

Decapods

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40
Q

Is a hardened cuticle on dorsal cephalothorax

A

Carapace

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41
Q

Krill and other species

A

Copepods

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42
Q

What phylum of Ecdysozoa?
Deuterostomes
Bilateral
Sea stars, urchins, sea cucumbers
Water Vascular System
Sexual Reproduction

A

Echinodermata

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43
Q

Are the bilaterian animals that belong to Deuterostomia

A

Chordates

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44
Q

2 types of invertebrate deuterostomes

A

Urochordates, Cephalochordates

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45
Q

Derived Characters of Chordates: (4)

A

Notochord, Dorsal - hollow nerve cord, Pharyngeal slits, muscular post anal tail

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46
Q

Derived Characters of Craniates:

A

Neural Crest, heart with at least 2 chambers, kidneys, red blood cells with hemoglobin

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47
Q

A collection of cells near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo

A

Neural crest

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48
Q

Derived Characters of Vertebrates:

A

Enclosed spinal cord, elaborate skull, fin rays

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49
Q

Are vertebrates with jaws
Enlarged forebrain associated with enhanced smell and vision
In aquatic - the lateral line system which is sensitive to vibrations

A

Gnathostomes

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50
Q

Hagfish
Least derived surviving craniate lineage
Have cartilaginous skull and axial rod of cartilage derived from the notochord but lack jaws and vertebrate

A

Myxini

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51
Q

Eggs hatch outside of mother’s body

A

Oviparous

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52
Q

The embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk

A

Ovoviviparous

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53
Q

Embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mother’s body

A

Viviparous

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54
Q

Includes sharks, rays, and skates
Skeleton composed primarily of cartilage

A

Chondrichthyans

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55
Q

Includes bony fish and tetrapod’s
Have a bony skeleton
Breathe by drawing water over gills
Control buoyancy with swim bladder

A

Osteichthyes

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56
Q

Lobe-fins have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins
3 surviving lineages

A

Sarcopterygii

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57
Q

Derived Characters of Tetrapods

A

4 limbs and feet with digits, ears

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58
Q

Salamanders - which have tails

A

Caudata

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59
Q

Frogs and Toads - which lack tails

A

Anura

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60
Q

Caecilians - which are legless and resemble worms

A

Apoda

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61
Q

Are a group of tetrapod’s whose living members are the reptiles

A

Amniotes

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62
Q

Wings with Keratin feathers
Lack of a urinary bladder
4 chambered heart
Endothermy
Females have 1 ovary
Small gonads
Loss of teeth

A

Derived Characters of Birds

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63
Q

Derived Characters of Mammals: (4)

A

Mammary glands, Hair, larger brain, differentiated teeth

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64
Q

Small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and platypus

A

Monotremes

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65
Q

Embryo develops within a placenta in the mother’s uterus
Completes its embryonic development while nursing in a maternal pouch
Includes: opossums, kangaroos, and koalas

A

Marsupials

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66
Q

What phylum are humans in?

A

Eutherians

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67
Q

Derived Characters of Hominids:

A

Upright posture, bipedal, larger brains, language capabilities, symbolic thought, shortened jaw and digestive tract, manufacture and use of tools

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68
Q

Space between cells is filled with what

A

interstitial fluid

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69
Q

2 main body cavities

A

dorsal and ventral

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70
Q

2 parts of the thoracic cavity and where are they

A

Pericardial - heart, pleural - lungs

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71
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity and where is it located

A

Peritoneal cavity - coelomic space

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72
Q

4 main categories of tissue

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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73
Q

3 shapes of epithelial tissue

A

cuboidal, columnar, squamous

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74
Q

3 arrangement types of epithelial tissue

A

simple, stratified, or pseudostratified

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75
Q

2 major types of connective tissue

A

loose and dense

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76
Q

What produces and secretes extracellular matrix?

A

Fibroblasts

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77
Q

3 protein fibers that strengthen loose connective tissues and how?

A

Collagen - supports tissue
Elastin - makes tissue elastic
Reticulin - helps support the network of collagen

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78
Q

Loose connective tissue that stores fat for insulation and fuel

A

Adipose

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79
Q

Where is dense connective tissue found and how do those work?

A

Tendons - attach muscles to bones
Ligaments - connect bone to bone

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80
Q

Special Connective Tissue

A

Cartilage, Bone, Blood

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81
Q

Form the bone

A

Osteoblasts

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82
Q

Contain marrow which generates red and white blood cells

A

Vascular Bones

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83
Q

Allow for movement in animals? Name each type

A

Joints
Ball and socket
Hinge
Gliding
Combination

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84
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac

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85
Q

Transmit nerve impulses

A

neurons

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86
Q

4 parts of neurons

A

cell body, dendrites, axon, neuroglial cells

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87
Q

Division of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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88
Q

Brain and spinal Cord
Integration and Interpretation of input

A

Central Nervous System

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89
Q

Nerves and ganglia
Communication of signal to and from the CNS to the rest of the body

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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90
Q

Collections of cell bodies

A

Ganglia

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91
Q

Helps return a variable to either a normal range or a set point

A

Negative Feedback

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92
Q

Loops occur in animals, but do not usually contribute to homeostasis
Enhance a change
Do not maintain homeostasis
Ex: blood clotting, Contractions in childbirth

A

Positive Feedback

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93
Q

Blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss

A

Vasodilation

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94
Q

Blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss

A

Vasoconstriction

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95
Q

Transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions
Arrangements of blood vessels in many marine mammals and birds allow for this

A

Countercurrent exchange

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96
Q

What controls thermoregulation?

A

Hypothalamus

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97
Q

Generate heat by metabolism
Birds and mammals
More energetically expensive

A

Endothermic

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98
Q

Animals gain heat from external sources
Most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and non-avian reptiles

A

Ectothermic

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99
Q

Homeostasis can adjust to changes in external environment through a process called

A

Acclimatization

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100
Q
A
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101
Q

A _______ allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes.
Ex: snakes

A

Conformer

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102
Q

A __________ uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external environmental fluctuation.
Ex: mammals

A

Regulator

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103
Q

Highly branched extensions
Conduct electrical impulses toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

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104
Q

Part of a neuron that contains the nucleus

A

Cell Body

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105
Q

Single cytoplasmic extension
Conducts impulses away from cell body

A

Axon

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106
Q

Also called neuroglia
Help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons

A

Neuroglial cells

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107
Q

Type of muscle tissue that is responsible for voluntary movement

A

skeletal

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108
Q

Type of muscle tissue that is responsible for involuntary body activities

A

Smooth

109
Q

Type of muscle tissue that is responsible for contraction of the heart

A

Cardiac

110
Q

Example of a ball and socket joint

A

hips

111
Q

Example of Hinge Joints

A

Elbow

112
Q

Example of Gliding Joints

A

Vertebral Projections

113
Q

Example of Combination Joint

A

Human Jaws

114
Q

Control hypoctoyl elongation
Control stomatal opening
Control phototropism

A

Blue-light photoreceptors

115
Q

The relative lengths of night and day, is the environmental stimulus plants use most often to detect the time of year.

A

Photoperoid

116
Q

In mollusca, the development of the visceral mass is rotated around so the anus is near the head.

A

Torsion

117
Q

Tool that depicts relative response of a process to different wavelengths

A

Action Spectrum

118
Q

Effect of light on plant morphology

A

Photomorphosis

119
Q

Flower when light period is shorter than a critical threshold

A

Short-day plants

120
Q

Reduce transpiration by closing stomata
Slow leaf growth
Reduced exposed surface area
Growth of shallow roots is inhibited
Deeper roots continue to grow

A

Plant’s Response to Drought

121
Q

Marks sunrise and sunset providing the biological clock with environmental cues

A

Phytochrome Conversion

122
Q

3 classes of secondary chemicals

A

Nitrogen compounds, terpenoids, and phenolics

123
Q

Cycles that are about 24 hours long and are governed by an “internal” clock.
Can be entrained to exactly 24 hours by the day/night cycle

A

Circadian Rhythms

124
Q

Provides the plant with information about the quality of light

A

Phytochrome system

125
Q

Is a physiological response to photoperoid

A

Photoperiodism

126
Q

2 classes of light receptors

A

Blue-light receptors and phytochromes

127
Q

Can activate the expression of genes involved in plant defenses

A

Methyljasmoic Acid

128
Q

Enzymatic destruction of root cortex cells creates air tubes that help plants survive oxygen deprivation during flooding

A

Plant’s Response to Flooding

129
Q

What can plant’s detect from light?

A

Light direction, intensity, and wavelength

130
Q

Specialized plastids containing dense starch grains

A

Statoliths

131
Q

Refers to changes in form that results from mechanical disturbance

A

Thigmomorphogenesis

132
Q

Response to gravity

A

gravitropism

133
Q

What must happen for a bud to form a flower instead of a vegetative shoot?

A

Meristems identity genes must first be switched on

134
Q

Flowering signal

A

Florigen

135
Q

Are governed by whether the critical night lengths sets a maximum number of hours of darkness

A

Long-day plants

136
Q

Shaded plants receive more?

A

Far red than red light

137
Q

Flowering is controlled by plant maturity, not photoperoid

A

Day-neutral plants

138
Q

Pigments that regulate many of a plant’s responses to light throughout its life.
Seed Germination
Shade Avoidance

A

Phytochromes

139
Q

Hormone Diseases

A

Gland hyposecretion
Gland hypersecretion
Tumor (benign or malignant)

140
Q

What are hormone disease caused by?

A

Either overabundance or a limitation of a hormone

141
Q

What hormone is involved with the pineal gland?

A

Melatonin

142
Q

What hormone is involved with the pancreas gland?

A

Insulin/Glucagon

143
Q

What hormone is involved with the Adrenal Medulla gland?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

144
Q

What hormone is involved with the Adrenal Cortex gland?

A

Glucocorticoids and Aldosterone

145
Q

What hormone is involved with the parathyroid gland?

A

Parathyroid hormone

146
Q

What hormone is involved with the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, and Calcitonin

147
Q

What hormone is involved with the Anterior Pituitary gland?

A

Prolactin, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, MSH, Growth Hormone

148
Q

What hormone is involved with the Posterior Pituitary gland?

A

Oxytocin, ADH

149
Q

What type of hormones are insulin and glucagon and what do they do?

A

Antagonistic hormones and they help maintain glucose homeostasis

150
Q

What is the names of the cluster of endocrine cells in the pancreas and what is their function?

A

Pancreatic islets / islets of Langerhans
Function: Produce glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin

151
Q

How does insulin reduce blood glucose levels? (3 main ways)

A
  1. Promoting cellular uptake of glucose (most tissues except the brain)
  2. Slowing glycogen breakdown in the liver
  3. Promoting fat storage
152
Q

How does glucagon increase blood glucose levels? (2 main ways)

A
  1. Stimulating conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
  2. Stimulating breakdown of fat and protein into glucose
153
Q

Is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells

A

Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent)

154
Q

Involves insulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells due to change in insulin receptors

A

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent)

155
Q

Possible Results of Diabetes (4)

A
  1. Peripheral Neuropathy
  2. Wounds
  3. Infections
  4. Nephropathy
  5. Retinopathy
156
Q

Hormone? Induces uterine contractions and the release of milk

A

Oxytocin

157
Q

Hormone? Enhances water reabsorption in the kidneys.

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

158
Q

Insect Hormone? Molting hormone.

A

Ecdysone

159
Q

Insect Hormone? Low levels result in metamorphosis.

A

Juvenile Hormone

160
Q

Class of compounds
Secreted in response to stress-activated impulses from the nervous system
Mediate flight or fight responses
Includes epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Catecholamines

161
Q

Eat mainly autotrophs

A

Herbivores

162
Q

Eat other animals

A

Carnivores

163
Q

Regularly consume animals as well as plants or algal matter

A

Omnivores

164
Q

Regularly consume dead organic matter

A

Detritivores

165
Q

The breakdown of food particles outside of cells.
All Eumetazoans.

A

Extracellular Digestion

166
Q

Food particles are engulfed by endocytosis and digested within food vacuoles.
Sponges and Single-celled species.

A

Intracellular Digestion

167
Q

4 classes of essential nutrients

A
  1. Essential Amino Acids
  2. Essential Fatty Acids
  3. Vitamins (some)
  4. Minerals (all)
168
Q

How many essential amino acids do animals and humans require?

A

Animals - 20
Humans - 9

169
Q

What fatty acids must be obtained from diet?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

170
Q

2 categories of vitamins

A
  1. Fat-soluble
  2. Water-soluble
171
Q

Where do both categories of vitamins go in the body?

A

Water-soluble are disposed of in the urine
Fat-soluble are stored in the liver and fatty tissues

172
Q

How many vitamins must humans consume in their diet?

A

13

173
Q

Uptake of nutrients by body cells.
Mainly occurs in the small intestine.

A

Absorption

174
Q

The passage of undigested material out of the digestive compartment.
Occurs in the rectum and waste leaves through the anus.

A

Elimination

175
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

In the mouth

176
Q

What is the first stage of digstion, mechanical or chemical?

A

Mechanical

177
Q

Deliver saliva to lubricate food.

A

Salivary Glands

178
Q

Enzyme that initiates breakdown of glucose polymers?

A

Salivary Amylase

179
Q

Junction that opens to both the esophagus and trachea?

A

Pharynx

180
Q

Rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal?

A

Peristalsis

181
Q

Valves that regulate the movement of material between compartments

A

Sphincters

182
Q

What does the stomach do and what does it convert food into?

A

Function: stores food and secretes gastric juice
Converts to: acid chyme

183
Q

What is gastric juice made up of?

A

Hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin

184
Q

Function of pepsin?

A

Digests proteins

185
Q

Function of mucus?

A

Protects the stomach lining from gastric juice

186
Q

Function of parietal cells?

A

Secrete hydrogen and Chloride ions separately

187
Q

Function of chief cells?

A

Secrete inactive pepsinogen

188
Q

Function of the pancreas:

A

Produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin that are activated after entering the duodenum

189
Q

Longest portion of the alimentary canal
Major digestive organ
Composed of duodenum, jejunum, and ilium
Is longer in herbivores than carnivores
Harder to digest vegetable matter

A

Small Intestine

190
Q

Part of the large intestine that is connected to the small intestine?

A

Colon

191
Q

Part of the large intestine that aids in the fermentation of plant material and connects where the small and large intestines meet.

A

Cecum

192
Q

All animals
Responds immediately regardless of previous exposure
Small set of receptors detect a large array of microbes
Type of Immunity

A

Innate Immunity

193
Q

Only in vertebrates
Large set of receptors allow specific targeting of pathogens
Type of Immunity

A

Adaptive/Acquired Immunity

194
Q

Function of hemocytes in invertebrate innate immunity?

A

Are phagocytic cells that digest foreign bodies

195
Q

In invertebrate innate immunity, what do hemocytes trigger the production of and what is its function?

A

Trigger antimicrobial peptides and they disrupt the plasma membranes of bacteria and fungi

196
Q

Recognition protein activates the Toll protein on the surface of immune response cells.
Signal transduction from Toll to the nucleus causes the synthesis of what?

A

Antimicrobial Peptides

197
Q

What immunity responses do invertebrates not have?

A

Inflammatory response and natural killer cells

198
Q

Barrier defense in vertebrates:

A

Skin, Mucus, Saliva, Tears, Lysozyme

199
Q

Where are lysozymes found and what do they do?

A

Found in tears, saliva, and mucus
Dissolve bacterial walls

200
Q

Cellular Innate Defenses (5)

A

White Blood Cells, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Eosinophils, and Dendritic Cells

201
Q

Function of neurtophils:

A

Engulf and destroy microbes

202
Q

Macrophages:

A

Are part of the lymphatic system and are found throughout the body

203
Q

Function of Eosinophils:

A

Discharge destructive enzymes

204
Q

Function of Dendritic Cells:

A

Stimulate development of acquired immunity

205
Q

What do mast cells and basophils release and what is its function?

A

Release histamine
Promotes changes in blood vessels (vasodilation)

206
Q

Function of prostaglandins:

A

Promote blood flow to areas

207
Q

How do phagocytes migrate?

A

Through chemotaxis (following a chemical agent)

208
Q

What is complement?

A

Group of protein lyses invading cells

209
Q

Function of interferons:

A

Block cell-to cell transmission of viruses

210
Q

Function of Natural Killer Cells:

A

Destroy body cells that are infected

211
Q

A fluid rich in white blood cells, dead microbes, and cell debris, accumulates at the site of inflammation.

A

Pus

212
Q

Function of leukocytes:

A

Recognize and respond to antigens

213
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

214
Q

Where do B Cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

215
Q

Epitope?

A

Antigenic Determinant

216
Q

What do B cells result in and what is its function?

A

Gives rise to plasma cells
Secretes proteins called antibodies / immunoglobulins

217
Q

2 responses to adaptive immunity:

A

Humoral Immune Response and Cell-Mediated Immune Response

218
Q

Which Adaptive Immune Response?
Involves activation and clonal selection of B cells, resulting in production of secreted antibodies. Involves helper T cells.

A

Humoral Immune Response

219
Q

Which Adaptive Immune Response?
Involves activation and clonal selection of cytotoxic T cells. Involves helper T cells.

A

Cell-Mediated Immune Response

220
Q

Antibody Effect?
Occurs when a pathogen can no longer infect a host because is it bound to an antibody.

A

Neutralization

221
Q

Antibody Effect?
Occurs when antibodies bound to antigens increase phagocytosis.

A

Opsonization

222
Q

What is generated when antibodies with proteins of the complement system generate?

A

Membrane Attack Complex and Cell lysis

223
Q

Are cell surface markers that identify as self

A

HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens)

224
Q

2 types of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and where is each found?

A
  1. Class 1 MHC - found on every nucleated cell body
  2. Class 2 MHC - found on macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells, and activated T cells
225
Q

Present the epitope (antigen) to the immune system
Initiates activation of T and B cells

A

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

226
Q

After the presented antigen activates a lymphocytes the cell divides rapidly making what?

A

Effector and memory cells

227
Q

Develops naturally in response to an infection.

A

Active Immunity

228
Q

Provides immediate, short-term protection. Conferred naturally when IgG crosses the placenta OR when IgA passes through breast milk.

A

Passive Immunity

229
Q

Methods of Asexual Repoduction

A

Fission, Budding, Fragmentation, Pathenogenesis

230
Q

Which method of asexual reproduction?
Separation of a parent into 2 or more individuals of about the same size.
Many invertebrates.

A

Fission

231
Q

Which method of asexual reproduction?
New individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones.

A

Budding

232
Q

Which method of asexual reproduction?
Breaking of the body into pieces, some or all of which develop into adults.
Must be accompanied by regeneration (regrowth of lost body parts).

A

Fragmentation

233
Q

Which method of asexual reproduction?
The development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg.

A

Parthenogenesis

234
Q

Sex Determination:
XX - ? XY - ?

A

XX - female
XY - male

235
Q

Sex Determination:
Haplodiploidy
Haploids - ?
Diploids - ?

A

Haploids - male
Diploids - female

236
Q

Sex Determination:
ZW - ?
ZZ - ?

A

ZW - female
ZZ - male

237
Q

Non-genetic Sex Determination

A
  1. Temperature Dependent
  2. Density Dependent
238
Q

Eggs shed by the female are fertilized by sperm in the external environment.

A

External Fertilization

239
Q

Sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract, and fertilization occurs in the tract.

A

Internal Fertilization

240
Q

The release of mature eggs at the midpoint of a female cycle.

A

Ovulation

241
Q

Area for insects in which sperm is stored during copulation?

A

Spermatheca

242
Q

An opening between the external environment and the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems.
Common in non-mammalian vertebrates.

A

Cloaca

243
Q

Another name for an egg in mammals?

A

Oocyte

244
Q

Once a month, an oocyte develops into an ovum by the process of ?

A

Oogenesis

245
Q

Function of Corpus Lutem

A

Secretes hormones that help to maintain pregnancy

246
Q

Egg travels from the ovary to the uterus via the (2 names)

A

Oviduct / Fallopian Tube

247
Q

Function of Cilia in the oviduct

A

Conveys the egg to the uterus

248
Q

Function of Leydig Cells

A

Produce hormones and are scattered between the tubules

249
Q

Name of the uterus lining

A

Endometrium

250
Q

Where do sperm form in male mammals?

A

seminiferous tubules

251
Q

The produce of gametes by meiosis, differs in females and males.

A

Gametogenesis

252
Q

Production of male sperm
4 sperm form from each cycle of meiosis
Continues throughout life
Produces sperm from precursor cells in a continuous sequence.

A

Spermatogenesis

253
Q

Development of mature oocytes and can take many years
Produces 1 egg
Ceases later in life - menopause
Long interruptions - pregnancy and nursing

A

Oogenesis

254
Q

Promotes activity in the Sertoli cells (nourish developing sperm and are located within the seminiferous tubules)

A

FSH

255
Q

regulates Leydig cells (secrete testosterone and other androgen hormones which in turn promote spermatogenesis)

A

LH

256
Q

Regulates the production of GnRH, FSH, and LH through negative feedback mechanisms.

A

Testosterone

257
Q

What hormone do Sertoli cells secrete?

A

Inhibin

258
Q

2 cycles of female reproduction?

A
  1. Menstrual Cycle
  2. Ovarian Cycle
259
Q

Follicle growth and an increase in the hormone estradiol characterize the ?

A

Follicular Phase

260
Q

Following ovulation, the follicular tissue left behind transforms into the corpus litmus?

A

luteal phase

261
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) function?

A

Prevents menstruation

262
Q

Are characteristic of most mammals
Endometrium is reabsorbed by the uterus
Sexual receptivity is limited to a “heat” period
Length and frequency of estrus cycles caries from species to species

A

Estrous Cycles

263
Q

Thickening of the endometrium is what phase of the uterine cycle?

A

proliferative phase

264
Q

What is the outer layer of the blastocyst called and what is its function.

A

trophoblast
Mingles with the endometrium and eventually forms the placenta

265
Q

Development of the body organs

A

Organogenesis

266
Q

The fetus grows and is very active.
Mother may feel fetal movements.
Uterus grows enough for the pregnancy to become obvious.

A

2nd Trimester

267
Q

Fetus grows and fills the space within the embryonic membranes.
Complex interplay of local regulators and hormones induces and regulates labor.

A

3rd Trimester

268
Q

First 2-4 weeks, the embryo obtains nutrients directly from the endometrium.
All the major structure are present by 8 weeks and the embryo is called a fetus.
Main period of of organogenesis.

A

1st Trimester

Spring 2024 (5 decks)

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