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Spring 2024 > BMS Exam 1 > Flashcards

BMS Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Proteostasis –> Protein Homeostasis
  • Ex. Biosynthesis, Maturation, Secretory Proteins
  • Glycosylation, Disulfide Bone Formation, and Oligomerization –> with the help of chaperones
  • Properly folded proteins are transported in vesicles to the Golgi
  • Chaperones identify improperly folded proteins and facilitate degradation in the cytosol by proteasomes
  • ONLY proteins with a signal sequence are moved into the RER
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2
Q

Function of Chaperones

A

Identify improperly folded proteins and facilitate degradation in the cytosol by proteasomes

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3
Q

Describe the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Cellular Detoxification – specifically in liver cells
- storage of calcium ions (sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells)

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4
Q

3 types of protein coats used for receptor-mediated endocytosis

A
  1. COPI
  2. COPII
  3. Clathrin
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5
Q

Use for COPII

A

Transport from ER to Golgi

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6
Q

Use for COPI

A

Transport from Golgi to ER

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7
Q

Use for Clathrin

A

Transport to and from plasma membrane

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8
Q

How does the SNARE Complex aid in exocytosis of vesicles?

A

Synaptotagmin
- Calcium binding protein on vesicle activates SNARE Complex
- VAMP, Syntaxin, and SNAP-25 alpha helices wind together
- Vesicle is brought closer to and fuses with target membrane
- Releases cargo

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9
Q

3 types of cytoskeletons

A
  1. Intermediate Filaments
  2. Microtubules
  3. Actin Filaments
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10
Q

Function of Intermediate Filaments

A

Structural Only

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11
Q

Function of Microtubules

A

Structural & Transport
Long Distance Transport
Tube-like, made from dimers
Has Polarity: +end: membrane
-end: nucleus

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12
Q

Function of Actin Filaments

A

Structural & Transport
Short Distance Transport
Double Stranded; made of globular (G) actin
Has Polarity: +end: membrane
-end: nucleus

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13
Q

Types of Molecular Motor ATPases & Function

A

Kinesin - moves toward + end of microtubules
Dynein - moves toward - end on microtubules
Myosin V - moves towards the + end on F-actin
Myosin VI - moves towards the - end on F-actin

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14
Q

Steps Involved In The Functioning of The SNARE Complex

A

v-SNAREs (in vesicle; VAMP/Synaptobrevin) bind to t-SNAREs (in target membrane; Syntaxin/SNAP-25)

Both are types of proteins

Water is squeezed from membranes

Stalk formation

Hemi-fusion

Fusion

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15
Q

What type of cell junction permits transport?

A

Gap Junctions

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16
Q

What type of cell junction selectively seals?

A

Tight Junctions

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17
Q

What type of cell junctions offer mechanical support?

A

Anchoring Junctions

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18
Q

What type of cell junction?
- Connect cytoplasm to adjacent cells
- composed of connexins
- found in bone, cardiac, and muscle

A

Gap Junctions

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19
Q

What can be the result of dysfunctions in gap junctions?

A

Cardiac Arrythmias

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20
Q

Examples of where gap junctions are found

A

Bone, cardiac, muscle, etc.

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21
Q

What type of cell junction?
- Holds cells together and forms a near leak-proof intercellular seal
- composed of claudins

A

Tight Junctions

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22
Q

Examples of where tight junctions are found:

A

Epithelial tissue lining the digestive tract, nephron, etc.

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23
Q

Dysfunction of tight junctions can result in:

A

Cancers and inflammation

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24
Q

What type of cell junction?
- Connect cells to each other and the extracellular matrix
- classified based on location
- Lateral Surface: Adherens & desmosomes
- Basal Surface: Hemidesmosomes & Focal Adhesions

A

Anchoring Junctions

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25
Q

Types of Anchoring Junctions & their Properties

A

Adherens: Cadherins & Actin
Desmosomes: Cadherin & Intermediate Filaments
Hemidesmosomes: Integrins & Intermediate Filaments
Focal Adhesions: Integrins & Actins

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26
Q

3 types of interactions with water & their properties

A
  1. Hydrophilic - charged and polar
  2. Hydrophobic - uncharged and nonpolar
  3. Amphipathic - have regions that are BOTH hydrophobic and hydrophilic
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27
Q

What is the Central Dogma?

A

All the information that a cell needs for life in encoded in the DNA

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28
Q

What Process?
- Information in a DNA strand is copied into a mRNA
- Initiated by factors binding to a promoter region

A

Transcription

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29
Q

What Process?
- A protein is synthesized from the information contained in mRNA
- tRNA brings amino acid to the ribosome for the growing polypeptide chain

A

Translation

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30
Q

What happens in the Primary Protein Structure?

A

Sequence of a chain of amino acids

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31
Q

What happens during the Secondary Protein Structure?

A

Local folding of the polypeptide chain into helices or sheets

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32
Q

What happens during the Tertiary Protein Structure?

A

3-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

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33
Q

What happens during the Quaternary Protein Structure?

A

Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

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34
Q

3 Responses to Misfolded Proteins

A
  1. ER-Associated Degradation (ERAD) Pathway
  2. The Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)
  3. Autophagy
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35
Q

What is the ER-Associated Degradation Pathway?

A

Ubiquitin tagged proteins are degraded by proteosome

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36
Q

What is The Unfolded Protein Response?

A

Inhibits protein translation. Increases folding capacity of the ER by causing more chaperons to enter the ER.

37
Q

What is Autophagy?

A

A recycling system

38
Q

Layers of the Epidermis In Order (Top to Bottom)

A
  1. Stratum Corneum
  2. Stratum Lucidum
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Spinosum
  5. Stratum Basale
39
Q

Which part of the epidermis?
- Single layer of cuboidal mitotic stem cells that give rise to keratinocytes; few melanocytes

A

Stratum Basale

40
Q

Which part of the epidermis?
- Spiny appearance due to desmosomes visible after processing (dehydration)

A

Stratum Spinosum

41
Q

Which part of the epidermis?
- Keratohyalin granules present

A

Stratum Granulosum

42
Q

Which part of the epidermis?
- Transparent and found only in thick skin

A

Stratum Lucidum

43
Q

Which part of the epidermis?
- Thickest layer consisting of dead keratinocytes

A

Stratum Corneum

44
Q

What cells are in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes, Merkel Cells, Langerhans Cells, Melanocytes

45
Q

Function of Merkel Cells

A

Mechanoreceptors which are essential for detecting light touch

46
Q

Function of Langerhans Cells

A

Immune cells (Epidermal Macrophages)

47
Q

Function of Melanocytes

A

Produce the melanin which offers protection against UV-Radiations

48
Q

2 Layers of the Dermis

A
  1. Papillary Layer
  2. Reticular Layer
49
Q

Which part of the dermis?
- 20% of thickness
- Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers

A

Papillary Layer

50
Q

Which part of the dermis?
- 80% of thickness
- Dense irregular connective tissue
- Collagen fibers in this layer add strength and resiliency to the skin
- Elastin fibers provide stretch-recoil properties

A

Reticular Layer

51
Q

Components of the Dermis & their Functions:

A

Arrector Pili Muscles - smooth muscle contraction –> goose bumps
Sebaceous Glands - secrete sebum that protects and lubricates skin & hair
Sweat Glands & Blood Vessels - regulate body temperature

52
Q

What is the hypodermis composed of & function?

A

Adipose and Areolar Connective Tissue - anchors skin to underlying structures (mostly muscles)

53
Q

Function of Adipose

A

Shock Absorber
Insulator - reduces heat loss
Energy Storage

54
Q

3 Types of Burns and Their Properties

A

1st degree burn - epidermis is affected
2nd degree burn - epidermis and regions of the dermis are affected
3rd degree burn - epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are all affected

55
Q

Appearance and Location of Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

Appearance: Pearly Bump
Location: Stratum Basale/ Germinativum

56
Q

Appearance & Location of Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

Appearance: Rough, Scaly Patches, Can Bleed or Appear as Open Sores (Ulcerated)
Location: Stratum Spinosum/Stratum Granulosum (Cells With A Nucleus)

57
Q

Location of Melanoma

A

Stratum Basale / Germinativum in the melanocyte

58
Q

Characterization of Melanoma (ABCDE Rule)

A

Asymmetry - 2 side don’t match
Border - Irregular and Exhibits Indentations
Color - Black, Brown, Tan, sometimes Red or Blue
Diameter - Larger than 6mm
Evolving - Changing Appearance

59
Q

Structural Unit of Compact Bone

A

Osteon

60
Q

Where are osteocytes located in compact bone?

A

Lacunae

61
Q

How and Why are Lacunae connected?

A

Connected by canaliculi to permit nutrients transport to osteocytes, waste removal, and communication between osteocytes (gap junctions)

62
Q

Outer sheath that contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone

A

Periosteum

63
Q

The membrane that line the medullary cavity

A

Endosteum

64
Q

Where are lacunae and osteocytes found in spongy bone?

A

In trabeculae

65
Q

What is the benefit of spaces in spongy bone?

A

Spaces make bones lighter so that muscles can move them more easily.

66
Q

Function of Osteoclasts & Where Do They Originate From?

A

Originate from WBCs
Continually breaks down old bone

67
Q

What would osteoblasts become under the right conditions?

A

It would become an osteocyte when trapped within the matrix

68
Q

What is the progression of bone cells?

A

Osteogenic Cells - Osteoblasts - Osteocyte

69
Q

What do osteogenic cells differentiate into?

A

Osteoblasts

70
Q

2 Parts to Fetal Bone Formation & Development:

A
  1. Endochondral Ossification
  2. Intermembranous Ossification
71
Q
  • Mesenchymal Cells –> Chondrocytes
  • Chondrocytes form matrix in hyaline cartilage
  • Calcification of matrix = cell death
  • Blood vessels invade the cavity, bringing osteogenic cells
  • Bone develops
A

Endochondral Ossification

72
Q
  • Mesenchymal Cells –> Osteoblasts
  • Osteoblasts gather in ossification center
  • Osteoblasts secrete osteoid and calcium
  • Calcified matrix traps osteoblasts and turn them into osteocytes
  • Prescence of blood capillaries causes bones to form as trabeculae in the middle
  • Surface bone tissue forms compact bone
A

Intermembranous Ossification

73
Q

4 Ways Osteocytes Regulate Bone Formation vs. Bone Resorption:

A
  1. Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
  2. Receptor Activator for Nuclear Factor kB Ligand (RANKL)
  3. Receptor Activator for Nuclear Factor kB (RANK)
  4. Sclerostin (SOST)
74
Q

5 Steps In Bone Remodeling:

A
  1. Origination
  2. Activation
  3. Resorption
  4. Formation
  5. Mineralization
75
Q

What is an active remodeling site referred to as?

A

Basic Multicellular Unit (BMU)

76
Q

What cell makes RANKL, OPG, and SOST?

A

Osteocytes

77
Q

RANKL (osteocyte) - RANK (preosteoclast) Interaction

A

Promotes osteoclastogenesis

78
Q

RANKL (osteocyte) - OPG (osteocyte) Interaction

A

Promotes Bone Formation

79
Q

SOST Function?

A

Inhibits bone formation and activates bone resportion

80
Q

Shape Classification of Bones:

A

Flat, Long, Sesamoid, Irregular, Short, Sutural

81
Q

Functions of Skeletal System

A

Support, Movement, Protection, Mineral/Energy Storage, Hematopoiesis, Endocrine Function

82
Q

Growth of Long Bones In Adults

A

Epiphyseal Side - cartilage is formed
Diaphyseal Side - cartilage is ossified

83
Q

The tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal epiphysis

A

Diaphysis

84
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

Epiphysis

85
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Diaphysis

86
Q

Connects Epiphysis to Diaphysis

A

Metaphysis

87
Q

4 Risk Factors For Osteoporosis

A

Early Menopause, Small Body Frame, History of Eating Disorders, Low Vitamin D

88
Q

Tactile Corpuscle of Dermis

A

Meissner’s

Spring 2024 (5 decks)

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