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Spring 2024 > BMS Exam 2 > Flashcards

BMS Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of intracellular communication?
- Exchange of ions & molecules between adjacent cells across gap junctions.
- Occurs between 2 cells of the same type
- Highly specialized and relatively RARE

A

Direct Communication

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2
Q

What type of intracellular communication?
- Chemical signals transfer information from cell to cell within a single tissue.
- Transmission via extracellular fluid specific receptors on target cells
- Example: Blood Clot Formation

A

Paracrine Communication

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3
Q

What type of intracellular communication?
- Messages affect the same cells that secrete them
- Chemicals involved are autocrine agents
- Example: prostaglandins secreted by smooth muscle cells cause the same cells to contract

A

Autocrine Communication

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4
Q

What type of intracellular communication?
- Endocrine cells release chemicals (hormones) that are transported in the bloodstream
- Alters metabolic activities of many organs
- Target Cells - Have receptors needed to bind and “read” hormonal messages

A

Endocrine Communication

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5
Q

Similarity in BOTH Endocrine & Exocrine Glands

A

Both made up of glandular epithelium

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6
Q

Endocrine or Exocrine?
Release their contents through a duct that leads to the epithelial surface.

A

Exocrine Glands

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7
Q

3 types of exocrine glands

A

Merocrine, Apocrine, and Holocrine

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8
Q

Type of Exocrine Gland:
- Release by exocytosis
- Part

A

Merocrine

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9
Q

Examples of Merocrine

A

Sweat & Salivary Glands

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10
Q

Type of Exocrine Gland:
- Away
- Release by part of the cell being pinched off

A

Apocrine

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11
Q

Examples of Apocrine

A

Mammary & Odorous Sweat Glands

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12
Q

Type of Exocrine Gland:
- Whole
- Release by entire cell rupturing

A

Holocrine

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13
Q

Example of Holocrine

A

Sebaceous Glands

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14
Q

3 Classes of Hormones

A

Amino Acid Derivatives, Peptide Hormones, Lipid Derivatives

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15
Q

Class of Hormone:
- Small molecules structurally related to amino acids
- Derivates of tyrosine
- Derivatives of tryptophan

A

Amino Acid Derivatives

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16
Q

Derivates of Tyrosine

A

Thyroid Hormones, Catecholamines

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17
Q

Catecholamines

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

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18
Q

Derivatives of Tryptophan

A

Serotonin and Melatonin

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19
Q

Class of Hormone:
- Chains of amino acids
- Most are synthesized as prohormones
- Glycoproteins
- Short Polypeptides
- Small Proteins
- Includes ALL hormones secreted by hypothalamus, heart, thymus, digestive tract, pancreas, posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, etc.

A

Peptide Hormones

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20
Q

Inactive molecules converted to active hormone before or after they are secreted

A

Prohormones

21
Q

Examples of Short-Chain Polypeptides

A

ADH and OXT

22
Q

How many amino acids are in ADH and OXT?

A

9

23
Q

Examples of Small Proteins in Peptide Hormones

A

Insulin, Growth Hormones, Prolactin

24
Q

Derived from arachidonic acid, 20-cacrbon fatty acid molecules that coordinate cellular activities and affect enzymatic processes
Example?

A

Eicosanoids
Ex: Blood Clotting

25
Q

What 2 examples have contrasting effects on blood clotting?

A

Omega 3 and Omega 6

26
Q

Which class of hormone?
Eicosanoids
Steroid Hormones – derived from cholesterol
Bound to specific transport proteins in the plasma. Retain in circulation longer than peptide hormones.

A

Lipid Derivatives

27
Q

Examples of steroid hormones:

A

Androgens from testes, estrogen and progesterone from ovaries, corticosteroids from adrenal cortex, and calcitriol from kidneys

28
Q

What is a major difference between Peptide hormones and lipid derived hormones?

A

Lipid derived stay in circulation longer

29
Q

Properties of Catecholamines and Peptide Hormones (4)

A

Not Lipid Soluble
Hydrophilic
Can’t penetrate plasma membrane
Bind to extracellular receptor proteins

30
Q

Properties of Steroid & Thyroid Hormones

A

Lipid Soluble
Can diffuse across plasma membrane & bind to intracellular receptors

31
Q

Under what conditions are free hormones inactivated? (3)

A
  1. Diffuse out of bloodstream & bind to receptors on target cells
  2. Are absorbed and broken down by liver or kidneys
  3. Are broken down by enzymes in blood or interstitial fluid
32
Q

What 2 ways can hormones exist?

A

Circulate freely or bound to special carrier proteins

33
Q

Do catecholamines & peptide hormones or steroid & thyroid hormones remain functional for longer?

A

Steroid and Thyroid

34
Q

Presence of a hormone triggers a decrease in the number of hormone receptors.
When levels of a particular hormone become high, cells become less sensitive to it.

A

Down-Regulation

35
Q

Absence of a hormone triggers an increase in the number of hormone receptors.
When levels of a particular hormone are low, cells become more sensitive to it.

A

Up-Regulation

36
Q

Steroid Hormones can alter rate of DNA transcription in nucleus
Alterations in synthesis of enzymes or structural proteins -> directly affect activity & structure of target cell

A

Genomic Effect

37
Q

Thyroid Hormones bind to receptors within the nucleus and on mitochondria.
- Activated genes or change rate of
transcription
- Increases rate of ATP production

A

Non-Genomic Effects

38
Q

How many hormones does the anterior pituitary produce/secrete?

A

7

39
Q

What class of hormones are the hormones that come from the pituitary gland?

A

Peptide Hormones

40
Q

How many hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

A

2

40
Q

2 facts about pituitary hormone transport/binding

A

Bind to extracellular receptors
Use cAMP as second messenger

41
Q

Location of the pituitary gland in terms of the hypothalamus?

A

Hangs inferior, connected by infundibulum

42
Q

Neural Stimuli
Stimulates uterine contractions and dilation of the cervix.
Positive Feedback Mechanism
Responsible for milk “let down”
Contribute to parent-newborn bonding

A

Oxytocin (OXT)

43
Q

Ensures regulatory hormones reach cells in anterior pituitary before entering general circulation.
Blood flow is unidirectional.

A

Hypophyseal Portal System

44
Q

Humoral Stimuli
Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus trigger release when blood osmolarity increases.
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Causes blood vessels to contract and increase blood pressure
Diabetes insipidus

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

45
Q

Released by GnRH
Stimulates male spermatogenesis and female oocyte maturation
production is inhibited by inhibin

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

46
Q

A peptide hormone released by cells in the testes and ovaries that inhibits production of FSH

A

Inhibin

47
Q

Stimulates testes to produce testosterone and ovaries to produce estrogen.
Lead to secondary sexual development.
A surge of this causes ovulation.

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

48
Q
A

Spring 2024 (5 decks)

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