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A-level Politics > liberalism > Flashcards

liberalism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the state of nature?

A

Before the current state of law which was underpinned by the natural rights and laws

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2
Q

What was John Locke’s opinion on the state of nature?

A

It was tolerable and people were not keen to leave. It was optimistic compared to Thomas Hobbes.

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3
Q

Why is the state of law better than the state of nature?

A

The state of law is more efficient for solving disputes

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4
Q

What does John Locke believe about the economy?

A

The state should respect the right to private property. Individuals should compete from trade and resources.

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5
Q

What is the State of law?

A

The current society we live in. It can be legitimised if it respects natural rights/laws. It reflects the principle of voluntary consent/Government by consent.

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6
Q

What does John Locke believe about society?

A

It predates the state and is natural

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7
Q

What did John Locke think about the divine right of kings?

A

He denied the divine right of kings and that god created the state as state wasn’t created by a celestial power.

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8
Q

What is the social contract?

A

The state should be representative of the people and use the principle of government by consent through formal/informal confirmation. The state is obliged to protect citizens and in return we must accept the laws they lay out for us

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9
Q

What thinker is associated with the social contract?

A

John Locke

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10
Q

What type of liberalism is John Locke associated with?

A

Classical liberalism

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11
Q

What did the social contract provide a basis for?

A

The American Declaration of Independence

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12
Q

What does are humans guided by according to JL?

A

Reason and rationalism

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13
Q

What are individuals promoting to the state when offering their consent? (JL)

A

Self-Interest

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14
Q

What is the mechanistic theory?

A

Rational and capable of devising a state that reflects mankind’s needs

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15
Q

What is the enlightenment?

A

Challenging of medieval ideas

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16
Q

Which thinker is associated with the enlightment?

A

John Locke

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17
Q

What is John Locke’s belief of the size of the government?

A

Limited government

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18
Q

What is limited government?

A
  • Reject anarchist perspective
  • Dispersal of power
  • Represent of interests governed
  • State needs to protect people’s freedoms
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19
Q

What does dispersal of power mean in a limited government?

A

Executive/legislative branches are separate meaning that the lawmakers and enforces are different.

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20
Q

What does Mary Wollstonecraft think is happening to states by fettering female individualism?

A

Nations are limiting their intelligence, wisdom and morality. Denial to a whole gender leaves nations vulnerable to doctrines that threaten enlightenment.
‘‘such arrangement are not conditions where reason and progress may prosper’’

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21
Q

What does Mary Wollstonecraft think about the economy?

A

Women should have the right to private property and free market economy could survive if women were liberated and could have their own businesses.

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22
Q

What does Mary Wollstonecraft believe about human Nature?

A

Enlightenment of optimistic human nature should apply to all human beings however women do not help themselves with their own liberation.

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23
Q

Why does Mary Wollstonecraft believe women did not help themselves?

A

They are happy with their situation and generally only desire marriage and motherhood. They are complicit in subjugation

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24
Q

What did Mary Wollstonecraft believe of revolution and why?

A

She was in favour of it. She supported a republican government and formal equality however it cannot just be for men. Constitution defence of individual rights.

25
Q

What did Mary Wollstonecraft do in her work “A vindication of men”?

A

Attacked Edmund Burke’s belief of traditional aristocracy/customs.

26
Q

What is John Stuart-Mill described as?

A

The bridge between modern and classical liberalism

27
Q

Who believes we should proceed cautiously towards representative democracy?

A

JSM

28
Q

Why should we proceed cautiously towards representative democracy?

A

It can ignore the rights of minority groups and create a tyranny of the majority

29
Q

Who came up with the idea of negative and positive freedom?

A

JSM

30
Q

What is negative freedom?

A

Freedom at the absence of restraint

31
Q

What is the harm principle?

A

The state should be tolerant of individual’s actions unless it can be demonstrated that they harm others.

32
Q

What is positive freedom?

A

Freedom to flourish with government intervention

33
Q

Who is associated with the harm principle?

A

JSM

34
Q

What is modern individualism and who is associated with it?

A

Individuals should be enabled to flourish

JSM, John Rawls and Betty Friedan

35
Q

What is methodological individualism?

A

The individual should be centre of society

36
Q

What is ethical individualism?

A

Society is built to benefit the individual (all thinkers but have different opinions on how to get to it)

37
Q

What is egotistical individulaism?

A

Self-interest/reliance is promoted (John Locke and Mary Wollstonecraft)

38
Q

Who is associated with self-regarding and other-regarding actions?

A

JSM

39
Q

What is self-regarding?

A

Actions that only impact the individual

40
Q

What is other-regarding?

A

Actions that impact others

41
Q

What did JSM believe about Laissez- Faire Capitalism?

A

It is vital to progress individual enterprise and initiative

42
Q

What did JSM believe about developmental individualism?

A

Individuals can develop and never finish growing as people.

‘grounded on the permanent interests of a man as a progressive being’

43
Q

What did JSM believe about tolerance?

A

We should all be tolerant of others opinions. It allows new ideas to emerge and and bad ideas to be exposed to rational debate.

44
Q

What did JSM believe society should enable?

A

Self-improvement

45
Q

What was John Rawls focused on?

A

Redistribution of wealth

46
Q

What were the two philosophical conditions made by John Rawls that would help to create a better society?

A

Veil of ignorance

The Original position

47
Q

What is the Original position?

A

Individuals are asked to construct a better society to the one they already live in

48
Q

What is the veil of ignorance?

A

There are no preconceptions of who they are in the society

49
Q

What would the two philosophical conditions created by Rawls make?

A

Justice as fairness

50
Q

What kind of capitalism does John Rawls believe is best for liberalism?

A

Free market capitalism however it should be tempered by state obligations to advance poorest citizens

51
Q

What is foundational equality?

A

Not just formal equality but economic and social equality (JR)

52
Q

What does Rawls think about human nature?

A

Humans are rational and empathetic and therefore would want a society to advance the poorest members of society and will support the redistribution of wealth. They value liberty but they also the plight of those around them.

53
Q

What does Rawls believe about the state?

A

There should be an enabling state to redistribute wealth to enable others to advance via extensive public spending and progressive taxation. This allows all lives to be rich and fulfilled.

54
Q

What did Betty Friedan believe about human nature?

A

Individuals should be free to seek control over their own lives and the full realisation of their potential. Gender is a hindrance to females as they think human nature is the reason they’re inferior rather than the society they live in

55
Q

What did Betty Friedan believe about society?

A

Illiberal attitudes in society rather than human nature that condemned women to underachievement as attitudes are nurtures via society’s cultural conditioning channels

56
Q

What did Betty Friedan always disdain and why?

A

She always disdained violence and illegality and we should progress via legal equality brought about by procedures of a liberal state.

57
Q

What did Betty Friedan endorse and why?

A

The US constitution - capacity to allow continuous improvement of individual’s lives

58
Q

What relating to the state did Betty Friedan reject?

A

The idea of a patriarchal state and the fact that the state will always be under control of the dominant gender

59
Q

What did Betty Friedan believe about the economy?

A

Free market capitalism could be an ally of female emancipation if allied to legislation precluding sexual discrimination

A-level Politics (11 decks)

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