LFTs - amboss Flashcards

1
Q

ALT is specific to

A

specific to the cytoplasm of hepatocytes

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2
Q

AST is specific to

A

present in the liver, heart muscle, and erythrocytes

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3
Q

elevation of ALT and AST

A

all types of hepatocyte damage, muscle damage, myocardial infarction

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4
Q

significant elevation of AST and ALT

A

hepatotoxic drugs
some hepatitis subtypes eg. autoimmune, ishchaemic, or acute viral hepatitis

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5
Q

AST/ALT < 1 is called

A

inflammatory type hepatocellular damage

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6
Q

AST/ALT < 1 can be caused by

A

uncomplicated viral hepatitis
minor fatty liver disease
extrahepatic cholestasis

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7
Q

AST/ALT > 1 is called

A

necrotic type hepatocellular damage

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8
Q

AST/ALT >/= 1 can be caused by

A

alchoholic hepatitis
fulminant, necrotic hepatitis
decompensated cirrhosis
hepatocellular carcinoma, liver mets
muscle damage
myocardial infarction

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9
Q

AST/ALT in alchoholic hepatitis

A

> 2
AST usually does not exceed 500

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10
Q

AST/ALT in muscle damage

A

AST is present in skeletal muscle cells more than ALT, so damage to myocytes causes more increase in AST than ALT

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11
Q

cholestasis leads to an increase in

A

typically leads to an increase in direct (conjugated) bilirubin and induces the production of ALP and GGT

retention of bile salts can also cause hepatocyte damage

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12
Q

fractionating bilirubin

A

determining total bilirubin and direct bilirubin
can help to differentiate between cholestasis and other causes of hyperbilirubinaemia
cholestasis leads to high direct bilirubin

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13
Q

ALP is found in

A

isoenzymes found in numerous tissues, inclduing liver, bones, placenta and kidney

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14
Q

GGT is found in

A

most sensitive for liver and biliary tract
usually the first enzyme to rise after bile duct obstruction

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15
Q

ALP elevation

A

cholestasis (obstructive or non obstructive)
infiltrative diseases of the liver (malignancies or amyloidosis)
increased osteoblast activity
seminoma
pregnancy (third trimester)
chronic kidney disease

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16
Q

GGT elevation

A

cholestasis
alchohol use
not elevated in bone diseae

17
Q

unconjugated bilirubin is

A

lipophillic and water soluble

18
Q

conjugated bilirubin is

A

water soluble

19
Q

unconjugated bilirubin elevation

A

overpoduction (extra-hepatic)
- hemolysis
- large hematomas
- ineffective erythropoiesis
impaired uptake (pre-hepatic)
- congestive heart failure
- portosystemic shunts
- drugs
impaired conjugation (intrahepatic)
- gilbert syndrome
- neonates
- chronic hepatitis
- advanced cirrhosis
- hyperthyroidism

20
Q

conjugated bilirubin elevation

A

cholestasis
Dublin-johnson syndrome
rotor syndrome

21
Q

conjugated bilirubin rise in cholestasis

A

obstructive (extrahepatic) causes
- choledocholithiasis
- tumours
- primary sclerosing cholangitis
- pancreatitis
- strictures
- parasitic infections
non obstructive (intrahepatic) causes
- hepatitis
- primary biliary cholangitis
- drugs
- sepsis
- infiltrative disease
- pregnancy

22
Q

parameters of hepatic synthesis

A

albumin
PT and INR
platelet count

23
Q

albumin elevation

A

dehydration

24
Q

albumin reduction

A

liver cirrhosis
loss of protein
malnutrition
acute or chronic inflammation

25
Q

PT and INR elevation

A

decreased hepatic production of coagulation factors eg. in liver cirrhosis

26
Q

platelet count reduction

A

liver cirrhosis
portal hypertension leading to hypersplenism and increased platelet sequestration

27
Q
A