diagnostics of AKI - amboss Flashcards

1
Q

a diagnosis of AKI can be made based on

A

acute increase in serum creatinine and/or decrease in urine output

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2
Q

approach to diagnosis of AKI

A

compare current and previous creatinine levels to determine if the process is acute
perform staging
determine if prerenal, intrarenal or post renal
consider further testing for underlying causes.

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3
Q

in absense of previously documented creatinine levels

A

stable creatinine levels with findings such as chronic anaemia and small hyperechoic kidneys on US suggest CKD

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4
Q

diagnostic criteria for acute kidney injury

A

increase in serum creatinine by > 0.3mg/dL within 48 hours
increase in serum creatinine to >1.5 times baseline level in 7 days
decrease in urine output to <0.5mL/kg/hour for >6 hours

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5
Q

what does urine osmolality tell you

A

> 500 mOsm/kg means prerenal
< 350 mOsm/kg means intrinsic or postrenal

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6
Q

BUN:creatinine ratio

A

high in prerenal >20:1
low in intrinsic <15:1
varies in post renal

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7
Q

FENa

A

The percentage of glomerular filtered sodium (Na) that is excreted in the urine in relation to filtered creatinine (Cr).
<1% in prerenal
>2-3% in intrinsic
varies in post renal

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8
Q

FEUrea

A

The percentage of glomerular filtered urea (Ur) that is excreted in the urine in relation to filtered creatinine (Cr)
<35% prerenal
>50% intrinsic
varies in post renal

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9
Q

urine sediment in prerenal

A

hyaline casts in prerenal

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10
Q

urine sediment in intrinsic

A

renal tubular epithelial cells or pigmented casts, RBC casts, fatty casts, WBC casts in intrinsic

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11
Q

urine sediment in postrenal

A

hematuria (stones, bladder cancer, clots)
absent (neurogenic bladder)

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12
Q

blood study findings of prerenal AKI

A

elevated serum creatinine
serum BUN:creatinine ratio > 20:1 (prolonged urine passage time causes increased urea resorbtion)

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13
Q

urine study findings of prerenal AKI

A

normal urinalysis
low urinary soium and urea excretion
- low FENa
- low FEUrea
high urine osmolality
hyaline casts due to concentrated urine in the setting of low renal perfusion

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14
Q

intrinsic AKI blood study findings

A

elevated serum creatinine concentration rapidly rising serum creatinine level
BUN:creatinine ratio <15:1 (tubular dysfunction leads to impaired resorbtion of urea)

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15
Q

intrinsic AKI urine study findings

A

high urinary sodium and urea excretion (due to impaired ability to resorb)
- high urine sodium
- high FENa
- high FEUrea
low urine osmolality (due to inability to concentrate urine)
urine sediment: renal tubular epithelial cells or granular, muddy brown, or pigmented casts

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16
Q

post renal AKI blood study findings

A

elevated serum creatinine concentration in bilateral obstruction
BUN:creatinine ratio varies, usually normal

17
Q

post renal AKI urine study findings

A

normal urinalysis eg. when due to neurogenic bladder
hematuria eg. when due to stones, bladder cancer, clots
urine osmolality varies

18
Q

imagining for post renal AKI

A

renal US if there is clinical suspicion for hyronehrosis
non contrast CT if positive US or is suspicion for obstruction remainns high