diagnostics of AKI - amboss Flashcards
a diagnosis of AKI can be made based on
acute increase in serum creatinine and/or decrease in urine output
approach to diagnosis of AKI
compare current and previous creatinine levels to determine if the process is acute
perform staging
determine if prerenal, intrarenal or post renal
consider further testing for underlying causes.
in absense of previously documented creatinine levels
stable creatinine levels with findings such as chronic anaemia and small hyperechoic kidneys on US suggest CKD
diagnostic criteria for acute kidney injury
increase in serum creatinine by > 0.3mg/dL within 48 hours
increase in serum creatinine to >1.5 times baseline level in 7 days
decrease in urine output to <0.5mL/kg/hour for >6 hours
what does urine osmolality tell you
> 500 mOsm/kg means prerenal
< 350 mOsm/kg means intrinsic or postrenal
BUN:creatinine ratio
high in prerenal >20:1
low in intrinsic <15:1
varies in post renal
FENa
The percentage of glomerular filtered sodium (Na) that is excreted in the urine in relation to filtered creatinine (Cr).
<1% in prerenal
>2-3% in intrinsic
varies in post renal
FEUrea
The percentage of glomerular filtered urea (Ur) that is excreted in the urine in relation to filtered creatinine (Cr)
<35% prerenal
>50% intrinsic
varies in post renal
urine sediment in prerenal
hyaline casts in prerenal
urine sediment in intrinsic
renal tubular epithelial cells or pigmented casts, RBC casts, fatty casts, WBC casts in intrinsic
urine sediment in postrenal
hematuria (stones, bladder cancer, clots)
absent (neurogenic bladder)
blood study findings of prerenal AKI
elevated serum creatinine
serum BUN:creatinine ratio > 20:1 (prolonged urine passage time causes increased urea resorbtion)
urine study findings of prerenal AKI
normal urinalysis
low urinary soium and urea excretion
- low FENa
- low FEUrea
high urine osmolality
hyaline casts due to concentrated urine in the setting of low renal perfusion
intrinsic AKI blood study findings
elevated serum creatinine concentration rapidly rising serum creatinine level
BUN:creatinine ratio <15:1 (tubular dysfunction leads to impaired resorbtion of urea)
intrinsic AKI urine study findings
high urinary sodium and urea excretion (due to impaired ability to resorb)
- high urine sodium
- high FENa
- high FEUrea
low urine osmolality (due to inability to concentrate urine)
urine sediment: renal tubular epithelial cells or granular, muddy brown, or pigmented casts