Leys Exam 1 Study Guide

Question 1

Two major complex carbs

Answer 1

Glycoproteins and Proteoglycans

Question 2

Glycan chains?

Answer 2

• Make up Glycoproteins

- 3-15 sugars long, branched

Question 3

Glycoproteins are found where?

Answer 3

Cell surface proteins, ER, golgi, or secreted

Question 4

Carbohydrates on glycoproteins:

Answer 4

1. Assist in protein folding
2. Enhance solubility
3. Stabilize against denaturization
4. Protect from degradation
5. Target protein to specific locations
6. Serve as recognition signals for lectins

Question 5

Major Sugar found in glycoproteins

Answer 5

1. Amino Sugars- NAG, NAL
2. Neutral Sugars- Galactose, mannose, fucose
3. Acidic Sugar- sialic acid (NAN)

Question 6

Two types of linkages of carbs to proteins

Answer 6

1. N-linked (sugar to asparagine)

2. O-linked (sugar to serine, threonine, or hydroxylysine)

Question 7

Carb portion of peptidoglycan made up of

Answer 7

Alternating co-polymers or NAG-NAM

Question 8

What helps bacteria stick to each other to form plague on teeth?

Answer 8

Glucans of S. mutans

Question 9

Main source of amino acids

Answer 9

Dietary protein

Question 10

____ can be converted to pyruvate and therefore glucose, while _____ cannot

Answer 10

Amino Acids

Fatty Acids

Question 11

_____ bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan. ____ have a thin layer between two lipid bilayers

Answer 11

Gram Positive

Gram Negative

Question 12

There is no dedicated storage form of ______

Answer 12

Amino Acids

Question 13

_____ breakdown is most efficient but yields the lowest amount of energy

Answer 13

Carbohydrate

Question 14

_____ releases an intermediate amount of energy, however _____ containing byproduct must be eliminated

Answer 14

Protein

Nitrogen

Question 15

The first step in converting amino acids into glucose or other intermediates is ______

Answer 15

Deamination

Question 16

The most common mechanism for deamination is _____ that results in ______

Answer 16

Transamination

Glutamic Acid

Question 17

_____ is the key intermediate in amino acid metabolism

Answer 17

Glutamate

Question 18

Glutamate can be deaminated to give free _____

Answer 18

Ammonia

Question 19

There is no net loss of ___ or _____ during transamination

Answer 19

Nitrogen, Ammonia

Question 20

Urea Cycle

Answer 20

1 Free Ammonia (from glutamic acid) + 1 Amino Group (Aspartate) = Urea + Fumarate

Question 21

_____ is used to transport nitrogen from peripheral tissues to the liver

Answer 21

Alanine

Question 22

In the liver, _____ is converted to _____ with the nitrogen incorporated into urea

Answer 22

Alanine

Pyruvate

Question 23

_____ and _____ account for 50% of amino Acids released by muscle into blood

Answer 23

Alanine

Glutamine

Question 24

Conversion of ammonia into carbomoyl phosphate occurs in the ______

Answer 24

Mitochondria

Question 25

_________ are those that can be metabolized into 3 carbon molecules that can be used to synthesize glucose

Answer 25

Glucogenic amino acids

Question 26

__________ are metabolized into 2 or 4 carbon structures

Answer 26

Ketogenic amino acids

Question 27

___________ is an inability to metabolize branch chain amino acids

Answer 27

Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)

Question 28

The first step in polyamine synthesis is _________

Answer 28

Decarboxylation of ornithine to make putrescine

Question 29

______________ is the rate-limiting step in polyamine synthesis and has been the target for a number of cancer drugs

Answer 29

Ornithine Decarboxylase (ODC)