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D1F U1 Biochemistry > Bartling Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Bartling Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is the solid storage form of lipids found primarily in adipose tissue?

A

Triglycerides

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2
Q

What molecule is central to both carbohydrate and fat metabolism?

A

Acetyl-CoA

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3
Q

Fatty Acid Structure and Physical Properties

A

Longer chain -> poorer solubility, higher melting point

Less double bonds -> poorer solubility, lower melting point

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4
Q

Major class of polar membrane lipids derived from phosphatidic acid

A

Phospholipids

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5
Q

Fatty acids are esterified to what molecule?

A

Glycerol -> Triglyceride

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6
Q

Sphingolipids

A

2nd largest

Sphingosine backbone, non-saponifiable (amide linkage)

Cell surface recognition sites (RBC type)

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7
Q

Bacterial endotoxin

Long O-antigen side chains

Lipid A: hydrophobic anchor- inflammatory response

A

Lipopolysacharide

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8
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • Only in animal fat
  • Made in liver
  • Controls membrane fluidity
  • Storage and transport
  • Steroid hormone precursor
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9
Q

Steroid Hormones

A
  • No alkyl chain (unlike cholesterol)
  • More polarity than cholesterol
  • Move through blood stream attached to protein carriers
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10
Q

Terpenes

A
  • Simple lipids w/out fatty acid
  • 2 isoprenes
  • Flavors and odors
  • Vitamin precursors
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11
Q

How is lipid metabolism regulated?

A

Controlled by rate of triglyceride hydrolysis in adipose tissue.

Regulated by hormones (insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol)

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12
Q

What is the carnitine shuttle?

A

Fatty acyl-CoA too large and polar to penetrate inner membrane -> FA transferred to carnitine -> antiport mechanism brings carnitine with FA in

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13
Q

Products of beta-oxidation of even-numbered FA?

A

Fatty Acyl-CoA (with 2 less carbons)

1 mol each of:
Acetyl-CoA
FADH2
NADH

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14
Q

Beta-oxidation products of unsaturated FA

A

Already partially oxidized -> Less FADH2 and less ATP

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15
Q

Beta-oxidation products of odd-number FA

A

Same as even until last rxn -> Propionyl-CoA instead of Acetyl-CoA -> Succinyl-CoA -> TCA cycle

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16
Q

Beta-oxidation products of branched FA

A

Can’t beta oxidase, so alpha oxidation instead -> CO2 and Acetyl OR Propionyl-CoA

17
Q

What is a ketone body?

A
  • Carbonyl w/2 R groups branching off
  • Formed during fasting/starvation (rich energy source)
  • Spares glucose and degradation of muscle protein for gluconeogenesis
18
Q

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

A

Phosphorylation (glucagon) inhibits, Dephosphorylation (insulin) activates.

Enzymatic and carrier protein function.

Forms Malonyl-CoA from Acetyl-CoA (stage 1 lipogenesis)

19
Q

Malate Shuttle

A

Transports Acetyl-CoA out through inner mitochondrial membrane by transfer of two-carbon units (citrate out, malate in)

20
Q

Main fat storage info molecule

Protein hormone

Reduces appetite, increases energy expenditure

21
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis Steps

A
  1. Priming of cysteine group with Acetyl-CoA
  2. Malonyl-CoA transferred
  3. 3-ketoacyl synthase catalyzes rxn of acetyl group and malonyl residue
  4. Malonyl-CoA displaces ACLU group
  5. Rxn repeated 7X
22
Q

Catalyzes hydrolysis of ester bonds -> glycerol and FA for fuel

23
Q

Group of drugs that act to reduce levels of fats (triglycerides/cholesterol) in blood

24
Q

Bile Acids

A
  • Formed in liver, stored in gallbladder
  • Emulsifies fats into micelles
  • Derived from cholesterol
25
Q

Carbohydrate Chirality

A

D- hydroxyl group on R
L- hydroxyl group on L

Anomeric Carbon- when cyclic sugar is formed through tautomerization -> new asymmetric center

26
Q

Most abundant carbohydrate in nature?

A

Cellulose (plant cell walls)

27
Q

Starch vs Glycogen

A

Starch- plants, alpha 1,4

Glycogen- animals, alpha 1,6

28
Q

Amino sugar found in bacterial cell walls and connective tissues as hyaluronate?

A

Peptidoglycan (murein)

29
Q

Lipids or Carbohydrates more energy?

A

Lipids. FA are more “reduced” than carbs; FA are no polar and not hydrated by water

30
Q

How many stereoisomers can be made from aldoses?

A

2^n (number of asymmetric centers)

31
Q

Why has glucose been evolutionary selected as blood sugar?

A
  • It exists in nonreactive, inert, cyclic conformations
  • Least oxidizable and least reactive with protein
  • Highest percent of sugar found in cyclic form
32
Q

Relationship between sugars and blood types?

A

Blood determined by sugars located on head groups.

  • NAG: A antigen
  • Gal: B antigen
  • NAG + Gal : AB antigen
  • No NAG or Gal: O antigen
33
Q

Polar lipids from phosphatidic acid (Phosphatidylcholine, Phosphatidylserine, etc.)

Ester bonds (saponifiable)

A

Glycerophospholipids

34
Q

Primary starting material of Glycerol-3-phosphate for synthesis of phosphatidic acid

A

Liver- Glycerol

Adipose- Glucose

35
Q

Sphingolipids with covalently bound sugars (blood typing)

A

Glycolipids/Glycosphingolipids

D1F U1 Biochemistry (5 decks)

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