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D1F U1 Biochemistry > Dr Quan Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Dr Quan Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Most critical function of an enzyme

A

Accelerate reactions by millions fold

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2
Q

Optimum temperature for enzymes

A

37 degrees C

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3
Q

Optimum pH for enzymes

A

~7

Pepsin exception: 1.5-2

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4
Q

Composition of complex enzyme

A

Apoenzyme (protein part) and Cofactor (Prosthetic group or Coenzyme)

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5
Q

Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions

A

Oxidoreductase

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6
Q

Catalyzes group transfers

A

Transferase

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7
Q

Catalyzes hydrolysis rxns where water is acceptor of transferred group

A

Hydrolase

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8
Q

Catalyze isomerization rxns (D to L, L to D)

A

Isomerase

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9
Q

Catalyze the lysis of substrate, generating a double bond in a nonhydrolytic, nonoxidative elimination.

A

Lyases

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10
Q

Catalyze joining of two substrates and requires ATP (energy)

A

Ligase

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11
Q

Specific region of enzyme where substrate molecule is bound

A

Active Site

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12
Q

Enzyme active site only able to accept specific substrate type

A

Lock and Key Theory (Fischer Theory)

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13
Q

Enzyme acts only on one substrate

A

Absolute Specificity

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14
Q

Enzyme acts on different substrates that have same bond type

A

Relative Specificity

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15
Q

Enzyme Activity Definition

A

1 international unit (IU) of enzyme catalyzes conversion of 1 micromol of substrate to product per minute

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16
Q

Km (Michaelis Constant) definition

A

Substrate concentration @ 1/2 Vmax

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17
Q

Reversible Inhibitors

A

Can rapidly dissociate

Weak, noncovalent interaction

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18
Q

Irreversible Enzyme Inhibition

A

Slow dissociation of EI complex

Tightly bound

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19
Q

Competitive Inhibitor

A

Competes with substrate at active site.

Km increased, Vmax unchanged

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20
Q

Non-competitive inhibitor

A

Binds to enzyme site different from active site.

Km unchanged, Vmax decreased

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21
Q

Uncompetitive Inhibitors

A

Binds to ES complex (not free enzyme)

Decreases both Km and Vmax

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22
Q

Positive (stimulating) or Negative (inhibiting) regulation of enzyme. Site different from active site.

A

Allosteric Regulation

23
Q

Covalent attachment to modify activity (EX: Phosphorylation)

A

Reversible Covalent

24
Q

Multiple forms of an enzyme which differ in structure/genes but catalyze same reaction

A

Isoenzymes

25
Q

Enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors (zymogens) and activated by cleavage. (EX: Insulin)

A

Proteolytic Activation

26
Q

Channeling of reactants between active sites

A

Metabolic Channeling

27
Q

Gycolysis starts and ends where?

A

Glucose -> lactate

28
Q

Glucose generates what five things?

A
  1. ATP
  2. Glycogen
  3. Ribose
  4. Lipid molecules
  5. NADPH
29
Q

Glycolysis has what two stages?

A

Investment and yield

30
Q

Glucose can be trapped in a cell in the form of?

31
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis

32
Q

What two things catalyze the yield of ATP in glycolysis?

A

PGK and pyruvate kinase

33
Q

Glycolysis ATP account

A

Use 2 ATP to generate 4 ATP.

Net gain of 2 ATP

34
Q

Pyruvate can be transformed to _______ to regenerate ______

A

Lactate

NAD+

35
Q

Hexokinase can be inhibited by

36
Q

PFK-1 can be inhibited by _____ and activated by _____

37
Q

Pyruvate Kinase can be activated by ______

A

Fructose-1,6-BP

38
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway is important for the generation of _____ and _____

A

NADPH

Ribose

39
Q

Structure of glycogen

40
Q

What is used as the building block for glycogen?

A

UDP-glucose

41
Q

What extends the chain of glycogen?

A

Glycogen synthase

42
Q

What initiates glycogen synthesis?

A

Glycogenin

43
Q

What catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen?

A

Glycogen Phosphorylase

44
Q

What can be used to treat diabetes?

A

Inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase

45
Q

What enzyme stimulates glycogenolysis?

46
Q

What two things increase the activity of glycogen phosphorylase?

A

Epinephrine and glucagon

47
Q

What is basically the reverse of glycolysis?

A

Gluconeogenesis

48
Q

Where does the TCA cycle occur?

A

Eukaryotic cells -> mitochondrial matrix

49
Q

Two major functions of TCA cycle:

A
  1. Increase cell’s ATP-producing potential by generated reduced electron carriers NADH and ubiquinone
  2. Provide cell with a variety of metabolic precursors.
50
Q

What two things are derived from pyruvate?

A

Acetyl-CoA and Oxaloacetate

51
Q

What catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-CoA?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

52
Q

The 4 oxidative enzymes in the TCA cycle:

A
  1. Isocitrate DH
  2. AKG DH
  3. Succinate DH
  4. Malate DH
53
Q

Pyruvate DH is negatively regulated by:

A
  1. ATP
  2. Acetyl-CoA
  3. NADH

D1F U1 Biochemistry (5 decks)

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