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Histology > Leukocytes > Flashcards

Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Mobile cells that leave the circulation via margination, pavementing, and diapedesis

A

leukocytes

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2
Q

What are the 3 ways that leukocytes can leave the circulation?

A

margination
pavementing
diapedesis (aka extravasation)

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3
Q

Are leukocytes mobile or immobile?

A

mobile

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4
Q

What type of cell is a leukocyte?

A

WBC

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5
Q

What process do WBCs use to stick to endothelial cell surface and squeeze between endothelial cells of capillaries and venules?

A

Pseudopodia

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6
Q

What attracts leukocytes to inflammatory sites?

A

chemotaxis via cytokines

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7
Q

any cell product that influences another cell, like pheromone

A

cytokines

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8
Q

Cell that functions as an active part of immune system in tissues

A

leukocytes

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9
Q

How are WBCs categorized?

A

granulocytes

agranulocytes

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10
Q

“possessing granules”

A

granulocytes

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11
Q

“lacking granules”

A

agranulocytes

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12
Q

What is the stain of 1’ granules?

A

blue/purple

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13
Q

Which WBCs possess 1’ granules?

A

ALL of them

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14
Q

What are the granules called that stain blue/purple?

A

1’ granules aka azurophilic granules

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15
Q

What do 1’ granules contain?

A

lysosomal enzymes (ex: acid hydrolases)

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16
Q

Granulocytes also possess ____ ____ absent in agranulocytes

A

specific granules = 2’ granules

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17
Q

Where are 2’ granules found

A

granulocytes ONLY

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18
Q

What do 2’ granules contain?

A

lysozyme and alkaline phosphates

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19
Q

What is the stain of 2’ granules?

A

variable

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

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21
Q

What are the 2 primary characteristics of granulocytes??

A

single, multi-lobed nucleus

prominent cytoplasmic granules

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22
Q

What is the most common granulocyte?

A

neutrophil

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23
Q

How big are neutrophils compared to RBCs?

A

1.5x size of RBCs

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24
Q

How many lobes make up the nucleus of neutrophils and what are those cells called?

A

3-5 lobes

polymorphonuclear cells

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25
Q

Are neutrophils long-lived or short-lived and what is the tissue lifespan?

A

short-lived

hrs-days

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26
Q

How many mitochondria in neutrophils?

A

few mitochondria = 1’ anaerobic glycolysis

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27
Q

What type of glycolysis do neutrophils use?

A

1’ anaerobic glycolysis

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28
Q

What do the 1’ granules of neutrophils contain?

A

unique antimicrobial myeloperoxidase

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29
Q

How do the 2’ neutrophils stain?

A

EITHER basophilic or eosinophilic (“neutral”)

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30
Q

What do neutrophils contain?

A 
inflammatory mediators and complement activators
proteases
defensins
lactoferrin
lysozyme (antibacterial compounds)
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31
Q

When are neutrophils released and how?

A

during inflammatory reactions via degranulation

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32
Q

Which WBC posses small 3’ granules?

A

neutrophils

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33
Q

What do 3’ granules contain?

A

gelatinase

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34
Q

What is the function of gelatinase?

A

breaks down collagen

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35
Q

Are neutrophils associated with acute or chronic inflammation? How long does it last?

A

acute

several days

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36
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

rubor
tumor
calore
et dolore

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37
Q

rubor

A

redness

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38
Q

tumor

A

swelling

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39
Q

calore

A

heat

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40
Q

et dolore

A

pain

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41
Q

What is the level of motility of neutrophils and how do they move?

A

highly motile

amoeboid movement

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42
Q

Which WBC uses amoeboid movement?

A

Neutrophils

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43
Q

What are neutrophils attracted to and how?

A

bacteria and damaged tissue

chemotactic factors

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44
Q

What attracts neutrophils to bacteria and damage tissue?

A

chemotactic factors

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45
Q

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

A

phagocytosis

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46
Q

What does phagocytosis lead to?

A

formation of phagolysosome to digest bacteria

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47
Q

coating of bacteria with antibody and complement to enhance phagocytosis

A

phagocytosis enhanced via opsonization

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48
Q

bacterial killing by generating hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid

A

respiratory burst

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49
Q

Which WBC is involved in opsonization?

A

neutrophil

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50
Q

Which WBC is involved in respiratory burst?

A

neutrophil

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51
Q

Which WBCs involve Stab cells and Barr bodies?

A

neutrophils

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52
Q

immature neutrophils

A

“Stab” cells (band cells)

non-segmented nucleus

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53
Q

inactive X chromosomes in females

A

Barr body

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54
Q

What is the least common WBC?

A

basophils

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55
Q

How big are basophils compared to RBCs?

A

2x size of RBC

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56
Q

How many lobes do basophils have?

A

bilobed

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57
Q

Which WBC may or may not be equivalent to mast cells in tissue?

A

basophils

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58
Q

What are mast cells characterized by?

A

large, basophilic SPECIFIC granules

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59
Q

What do the specific granules in basophils contain?

A 
hydrolytic enzymes
heparin sulfate (anticoagulant)
chondroitin sulfate (proteoglycan)
HISTAMINE
leukotrienes (ECF)
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60
Q

slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis that causes smooth muscle contraction

A

leukotrienes

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61
Q

How are granule contents released into eosinophilic chemotactic factor (ECF)?

A

degranulation

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62
Q

Degranulation is used is which type of hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Type 1 (immediate)

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63
Q

What are 3 conditions involved with Type 1 hypersensitivity rxns?

A

asthma
hayfever
some allergic dermatitis

64
Q

Severe hypersensitivity reactions are known as:

A

anaphylaxis

65
Q

very rapid, severe immune reactions due to “overreactive” basophils:

A

anaphylaxis

66
Q

What counteracts the effects of basophils?

A

eosinophils

67
Q

2nd least common WBC

A

eosinophils

68
Q

How many lobes do eosinophils have?

A

bilobed

69
Q

Which WBCs are known as looking like “mickey mouse ears”?

A

eosinophils

70
Q

Which WBCs remain in circulation about 3-6 hours before entering tissue?

A

eosinophils (lifespan = 8-12 hours)

71
Q

Eosinophils have surface receptors for which antibody?

A

IgE

72
Q

Which WBC has surface receptors for IgE?

A

eosinophils

73
Q

What do large eosinophilic specific granules contain?

A

hydrolytic enzymes

74
Q

What are 4 hydrolytic enzymes in the large eosinophilic specific granules?

A
  • histaminase
  • eosinophil peroxidase (EPO)
  • lysosomal enzymes
  • major basic protein
75
Q

enzyme that neutralizes histamine

A

histaminase

76
Q

hydrolytic enzyme that neutralizes heparin and kills parasites?

A

major basic protein

77
Q

Which WBC is important in hypersensitivity reactions?

A

eosinophils

78
Q

What are eosinophils chemotactically attracted to?

A

basophils and mast cells via ECF

79
Q

Function of eosinophils

A

ameliorate and counteract hypersensitivity reactions and effects of histamine

80
Q

How do eosinophils counteract hypersensitivity reactions?

A

release eosinophil derived inhibitor

81
Q

What does the eosinophil derived inhibitor do?

A

inhibits basophil and mast cell degeneration

82
Q

Which WBC has antiparasitic function, especially against flukes (helminths) and affinity for Ag-Ab complexes?

A

eosinophils

83
Q

What destroys parasites and Ag-Ab complexes?

A

major basic protein and subsequent phagocytosis

84
Q

What are allergy sufferers insufficient in?

A

eosinophils

85
Q

What are the 2 types of agranulocytes?

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

86
Q

What does the nucleus of agranulocytes look like?

A

single, unlobed nucleus

87
Q

What type of granules do agranulocytes have?

A

1 (azurophilic) granules

88
Q

Do agranulocytes have 2’ (specific) granules?

A

no

89
Q

Largest WBC

A

monocyte

90
Q

abundant agranulocytes with gray-blue/lavender cytoplasm

A

monocyte

91
Q

What is the nucleus in monocytes?

A

large indented (“kidney bean” shaped) nucleus

92
Q

How long are monocytes present in blood?

A

2-3 days then extravasate

93
Q

What happens to monocytes after they enter tissue?

A

become macrophages (histiocytes)

94
Q

What is the lifespan of monocytes in tissue?

A

several months

95
Q

Do monocytes travel or remain in same tissue?

A

fixed- remain in same tissue

96
Q

Types of monocytes in the body

A 
Kupfer cells 
microglial cell
Langerhans cells
dust cells
osteoclasts
97
Q

Where are Kupfer cells found?

A

liver

98
Q

Where are microglial cells found?

A

CNS

99
Q

Where are Langerhans cells found?

A

skin

100
Q

Where are osteoclasts found?

A

bone

101
Q

Are monocytes mobile or immobile?

A

mobile

102
Q

Are monocytes phagocytic?

A

yes - contain abundant hydrolytic enzymes

103
Q

Monocytes fuse together to become:

A

(multinucleate) epithelioid giant cells in chronic granulomas

104
Q

cells that function as Ag-presenting cells in lymphoid organs

A

monocytes

105
Q

WBCs active in subacute and chronic infections and have a lifespan of days to years; include 2 size classes (small and large)

A

LYMPHOCYTES

106
Q

Do lymphocyte size classes correlate with cell types?

A

no

107
Q

WBCs characterized by round, densely staining nucleus surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm

A

lymphocytes

108
Q

How are lymphocytes characterized?

A

round, densely staining nucleus surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm

109
Q

What is the primary cell of the immune system? (recirculating, immunocompetent cells)

A

lymphocytes

110
Q

what are the 2 major types of lymphocytes?

A

b-cells

t-cells

111
Q

Are there more b-cells or t-cells?

A

t-cells (90%)

112
Q

type of lymphocyte that was first recognized in Bursa of Fabricius of birds

A

b-cells

113
Q

Where are b-cells formed in mammals?

A

bone marrow

114
Q

Where do b-cells become immunocompetent?

A

bone marrow

115
Q

Function of b-cells

A

HUMORALLY mediated immune response = produce Ab’s

116
Q

What happens to b-cells after encountering Ag?

A

undergo multiple divisions to produce clone of Ab-producing plasma cells called AMPLIFICATION, or CLONAL EXPANSION

117
Q

multiple divisions to produce clone of Ab-producing plasma cells

A

amplification or clonal expansion

118
Q

What happens to b-cells that DO NOT replicate?

A

remain as long-lived MEMORY cells or EFFECTOR cells

119
Q

B-cells function in ________ response of _____ immunity; premise of vaccination = prevent disease

A

anamnestic

humoral

120
Q

B-cells can also function as __-presenting cells.

A

Ag

121
Q

Which cells have HLA Type II surface markers & surface immunoglobulins (HLA = human leukocyte Ag—major histocompatibility complex [MHC] molecules)?

A

b-cells

122
Q

thymus-dependent lymphocytes

A

t-cells

123
Q

What are t-cells formed?

A

bone marrow

124
Q

What happens to t-cells after they are formed in bone marrow?

A

migrate to thymus to become immunocompetent

125
Q

Which lymphocyte is responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

A

t-cells

126
Q

Are t-cell lifespans long or short?

A

long

127
Q

What are t-cells responsible for?

A

cell-mediated immunity

128
Q

T-cells have _____ on cell surface like those present on Ab’s (paratopes)

A

receptors

129
Q

What is the purpose of paratopes?

A

recognize foreign proteins of Ag’s (epitopes)

130
Q

Which lymphocyte have “cluster of differentiation” determinant molecules (CD molecules) on surface?

A

t-cells

131
Q

What is the purpose of “cluster of differentiation” determinant molecules (CD molecules?

A

Recognize HLA receptors on surface of other cells (prevent “self”-destruction)

132
Q

What are the 3 types of t-cells?

A

cytotoxic
suppressor
helper

133
Q

cytotoxic t-cells are aka:

A

killer t-cells (Tc/Tk)

134
Q

1’ effectors in cell-mediated immunity—tend to be large lymphocytes (t-cell)

A

cytotoxic t-cell

135
Q

Recognize cells with foreign surface Ag’s or receptors & kill them (t-cell)

A

cytotoxic t-cell

136
Q

Punch holes in PMs (t-cell)

A

cytotoxic t-cell

137
Q

Functions of cytotoxic t-cells:

A
  • 1’ effectors in cell-mediated immunity—tend to be large lymphocytes
  • Recognize cells with foreign surface Ag’s or receptors & kill them
  • Punch holes in plasma membranes
138
Q

t-cell that detects invaders, sound chemical alarm

A

helper t-cell (Th)

139
Q

t-cell that recognize Ag, usually presented by Mor b-cell, then secrete lymphokines(cytokines)—act as pheromones, stimulate b-cells => Ab production, or Tk cells => kill

A

Th

140
Q

Functions of helper t-cells (Th):

A
  • Detect invaders, sound chemical alarm
  • Recognize Ag, usually presented by Mor b-cell, then secrete lymphokines(cytokines)—act as pheromones, stimulate b-cells => Ab production, or Tk cells => kill
141
Q

t-cell that suppress activity of b-cells, dampen immune response, especially to “self” molecules

A

Ts

142
Q

Functions of suppressor cells (Ts)

A

Suppress activity of b-cells, dampen immune response, especially to “self” molecules

143
Q

t-cell associated with Autoimmune diseases

A

Ts- loss of control of Ts cells

144
Q

Lymphocytes which possess Fc receptors but lack specific cell surface markers of either b-or t-cells

A

null cells

145
Q

natural killer cells (NK) are classified as what type of cell?

A

null cells

146
Q

null cells include:

A
  • natural killer cells (NK)

- some pluripotent stem cells

147
Q

What are null cells responsible for?

A
  • NONSPECIFIC cytotoxicity against virus-infected and tumor cells
  • Ab-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
148
Q

relative concentrations of WBCs:

A

NLMEB

149
Q

total # of WBCs =

A

CBC (complete blood count)

150
Q

relative percentages of WBCs

A

differentiated cell count

151
Q

increased WBCs indicates:

A

infection/tumor

152
Q

increased neutrophils =

A

acute, bacteria

153
Q

increased lymphocytes (& monocytes) =

A

subacute, viral

154
Q

increased eosinophils =

A

allergies/parasites

155
Q

decreased WBCs indicates:

A

immune suppression/tumor

156
Q

acute viral infection or severe sepsis (wbcs)

A

neutropenia

157
Q

thrombocytopenia is caused by:

A

decreased platelets

Histology (6 decks)

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