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Histology > Cell Ultrastructure and Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Cell Ultrastructure and Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

2 major categories of organism

A

prokaryotes

eukaryotes

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2
Q

organism with no nucleus, simple

A

prokaryote

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3
Q

organism with a nucleus, new

A

eukaryotes

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4
Q

examples of prokaryotes

A

monera

cyanobacteria

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5
Q

examples of eukaryotes

A

protozoa
single-celled protists
mutlicelled metazoans

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6
Q 
prokaryotes:
nucleus with nuclear envelope?
membrane bound organelles?
histones?
DNA?
Flagella?
Cell Wall?
A 
no
no
no
circular
lack axoneme
unique
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7
Q 
eukaryotes:
nucleus with nuclear envelope?
membrane bound organelles?
histones?
DNA?
Flagella?
Cell Wall?
A 
yes
yes
complexed with DNA
organized into chromosomes
axoneme present
absent in animals, present in plants and fungi
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8
Q

Cells contain __plasm (mostly water)

A

protoplasm

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9
Q

Protoplasm in eukaryotes

A

cytoplasm

nucleoplasm

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10
Q

semi-liquid contents between cell membrane and nuclear membrane, surrounds organelles

A

cytoplasm (cytosol)

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11
Q

protoplasm within the nucleus

A

nucleoplasm

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12
Q

contains genome of DNA

A

nucleus

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13
Q

dna complexed with nucleoproteins forms ___.

A

chromatin

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14
Q

packaged chromatin is ___.

A

chromosomes

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15
Q

individual chromosomes contain ___

A

genes

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16
Q

segments of DNA coding for particular traits

A

genes

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17
Q

different forms of the same gene

A

allele

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18
Q

In most eukaryotic cells, chromosomes exit as ___ pairs

A

homogenous

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19
Q

homogenous pair number in humans

A

diploid (2n=46)

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20
Q

homogenous pair number in eggs and sperm

A

haploid (n=23)

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21
Q

sorting of chromosome pairs according to size and shape

A

karyotyping

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22
Q

electron-DENSE, darkly -staining, INACTIVE DNA and nuceloproteins

A

heterochromatin

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23
Q

permanently inactive DNA in females

A

barr body

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24
Q

what does a barr body represent?

A

degenerate X chromosome; only 1 pair is active, other degenerates

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25
Q

dispersed DNA ACTIVE in transcription (RNA synthesis)

A

euchromatin

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26
Q

site of RNA transcription

A

nucleolus

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27
Q

Euchromatin is where cells are active in ____.

A

translation

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28
Q

most chromatin in nucleus is ___ ____.

A

INACTIVE heterochromatin

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29
Q

active portions of chromosomes unravel to become visible as “___ ___ _____”

A

lamp brush chromosomes

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30
Q

What are lamp brush chromosomes active in?

A

transcription and translation

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31
Q

what are the two types of nucleoproteins?

A

histones

non-histones

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32
Q

most of DNA-associated protein in eukaryotes is this type of nucleoprotein

A

histone

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33
Q

what is the function of histones?

A

assist with DNA folding which organizes chromatin into chromosomes

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34
Q

segments of DNA that wrap around several histones

A

nucleosome

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35
Q

function of nucleosome

A

regulates DNA activity

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36
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by?

A

nuclear envelope

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37
Q

function of the nuclear envelope?

A

separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm

regulates exchange of macromolecules between nucleus and cytoplasm

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38
Q

What are the 2 layers in the nuclear envelope?

A

inner and outer nuclear membrane

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39
Q

what are the inner and outer nuclear membrane separated by?

A

perinuclear cisterna

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40
Q

What is the inner nuclear membrane associated with?

A

network of lamin filaments for support called nuclear lamina

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41
Q

What is special about the outer nuclear membrane?

A

studded with ribosomes and continuous with the rER

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42
Q

How are the inner and outer nuclear membranes connected?

A

nuclear pore complex (surrounds rings of proteins –> nucleoporins)

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43
Q

function of nucleoporins

A

form holes in membrane allowing transport of macromolecules

44
Q

Ribosomes are BIPARTITE, or have 2 subunits. What are they?

A

40S

60S

45
Q

characteristics of ribosomes

A

proteinaceous structures, contain rRNA

synthesized and assembled in nucleolus

46
Q

where are ribosomes found?

A

free in cytoplasm
attached to rER
outer nuclear membrane

47
Q

site of protein synthesis (translation)

A

ribosomes

48
Q

How does the mitochondria produce energy (ATP)

A

krebs cycle

oxidative phosphorylation

49
Q

Mitochondria is present in all cells except for:

A

RBCs

keratinocytes

50
Q

What is the effect of the lack of mitochondria in some cells?

A

limits life span of cell

51
Q

How many membranes do mitochondria have?

A

2: inner and outer

52
Q

Which membrane fo the mitochondria is permeable and what does it contain?

A

outer

porin = pore forming protein

53
Q

Which membrane of mitochondria is pleated to form folds, or cristae?

A

inner membrane

54
Q

Which membrane of the mitochondria is lined with elementary particles?

A

inner membrane

55
Q

What is the purpose of enzymes in the elementary particles of mitochondria?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

56
Q

What is the inner cavity of the mitochondria filled with?

A

amphorous MATRIX material

57
Q

What does the mitochondrial matrix contain and what is the purpose of it?

A

dense granules

binding/storage sites for Ca

58
Q

Do mitochondria contain linear or circular DNA?

A

circular

59
Q

How do mitochondria replicate?

A

self-replicating

60
Q

How do mitochondria reproduce and what is this most similar to?

A

binary fission

similar to BACTERIAL divison

61
Q

Are mitochondria inherited maternally or paternally?

A

maternally

62
Q

Are mitochondria similar to eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

prokaryotes (endosymbiotic theory)

63
Q

What process do cells rely on to get their energy?

A

cellular respiration

64
Q

Energy is released from the (mechanical/chemical) breakdown of (organic/inorganic) from diet (proteins, carbohydrates, fats) stored in the form of ___.

A

chemical
organic
ATP

65
Q

Where does cellular respiration begin?

Glucose is converted to what in this process?

A

cytosol

pyruvic acid

66
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur and via what process?

A

cytoplasm

ANAEROBIC glycolysis

67
Q

What happens to pyruvic acid once it created in the cytosol?

A

diffuses into mitochondria

68
Q

Is mitochondria this site of aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

A

aerobic

69
Q

What part of the mitochondria contains enzymes of the krebs cycle and what is the formula?

A

matrix

pyruvate –> CO2 + H2O + ATP

70
Q

Where is the most ATP produced and how?

A

produced via OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION by CYTOCHROMES of the ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM (ETS)

71
Q

enzymes that are found on the inner membrane of cristae:

A

cytochromes

72
Q

Kreb’s cycle and oxidative phosphorylation WITHIN the mitochondria both require ___, also know as ____ respiration.

A

oxygen

aerobic

73
Q

Aerobic respiration occurs in the _____, while anaerobic respiration occurs in the ____.

A

mitochondria

cytoplasm

74
Q

Krebs cycle/oxidative phosphorylation/glycolysis: which one undergoes anaerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis

75
Q

series of membranous sheets and tubules throughout the cytoplasm

A

ER

76
Q

This type of ER has surface receptor molecules for RIBOSOMAL attachment

A

rER

77
Q

this type of ER specializes in protein synthesis

A

rER

78
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER (sER)?

A

LIPID synthesis
transport of proteins from rER to Golgi
membrane formation and recycling
synthesis of cholesterol and steroid hormones
detoxification and conjugation of drugs and toxins

79
Q

These organelles in the ER surround and coat proteins for transport, bud off sER, transport proteins between sER and Golgi and between Golgi and cell surface (also protect proteins)

A

coated vesicles

80
Q

This organelle is a complex, flattened, stacked, membrane-bound cisternae

A

Golgi apparatus

81
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

post-translational modification, packaging, and sorting of proteins synthesized in the rER (sulfation, phosphorylation, glycoslyation)

82
Q

The convex side of the Golgi network is aka the __ side and it is where proteins arrive from rER in _________.

A

cis

coated transfer vesicles

83
Q

The concave side of the Golgi network is aka the __ side and it is where proteins are packaged into ______________ for secretion.

A

trans

clathrin-coated vesicles

84
Q

Vesicles bud off maturing face as ____ ____, sorted into ____ ____ for extracellular export via exocytosis or as ______ ______ for intracellular use, or as _______ ______ for long-term storage.

A

condensing vacuoles
secretory vesicles
membrane-bound vesicles
secretory granules

85
Q

during exocytosis and secretion, large amounts of intracellular membrane incorporated into outer cell membrane, recycled by Golgi:

A

membrane trafficking

86
Q

membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes (acid phosphatase)

A

lysosomes

87
Q

newly formed lysosomes produced by rEr and Golgi are called:

A

1’ lysosomes

88
Q

Are 1’ lysosomes active/inactive?

A

inactive

89
Q

1’ lysosomes fuse with phagocytic vesicles (or phagosomes) to form:

A

2’ Lysosomes (or phagolysosomnes)

90
Q

Are 2’ lysosomes active or inactve?

A

active

91
Q

Do 1’ or 2’ lysosomes function in intracellular digestion?

A

2’

92
Q

Hydrolytic breakdown results in production of __ lysosomes, aka ___ ____

A

3’

residual body

93
Q

Which lysosomes may be excreted or remain in cells for life (lipofuscin pigment granules in neurons)

A

3’

94
Q

Lysosomes also used to degrade organelles and cells with finite lifespans during _____.

A

apoptosis (aka autophagy)

95
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

96
Q

type of endocytic vesicles with acid pH in lumen

A

endosomes

97
Q

What causes acid pH in lumen (endosomes)?

A

proton pumps in membrane, which pump H+ into interior, acidifying contents

98
Q

membrane-bound organelles containing oxidative enzymes (oxidases)

A

peroxisomes (microbodies)

99
Q

What do peroxisomes resemble and what do they contain?

A

lysosomes

catalase and peroxidase

100
Q

Peroxisomes use enzymes, free radicals, and hydrogen peroxide to do what?
Give an example of a location.

A

oxidize toxic metabolites

kidney and liver cells

101
Q

Name 3 membrane-bound vesicles:

A

lysosomes
endosomes
peroxisomes

102
Q

non-living components of cell that include neural fat droplets, lipids, glycogen, secretory & pigment granules

A

inclusions

103
Q

Type of inclusion that hides within host cells and can be intracytoplasmic or intranuclear

A

viral inclusions

104
Q

Name 2 intracytoplasmic pigments:

A

melanin

lipofuscin

105
Q

black, brown, granular pigment; produced by melanocytes, transported to other cells

A

melanin

106
Q

gold-brown granules; frequently seen in neurons; sometimes called “old-age pigment”

A

lipofuscin

107
Q

What is the primary pigment in mammals?

A

melanin

Histology (6 decks)

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