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Histology > Erythrocytes > Flashcards

Erythrocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Specialized connective tissue in fluid, extracellular matrix (plasma)

A

blood

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2
Q

How much does plasma constitute of blood volume?

A

55%

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3
Q

What is the purpose of protein in blood?

A

viscosity

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4
Q

plasma - clotting factors =

A

serum

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5
Q

Blood is the primary vehicle for what?

A

transport of nutrients, O2, CO2, waste products, hormones

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6
Q

What does blood function in?

A

thermoregulation and homeostasis

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7
Q

what is the avg blood volume in adults?

A

5 L

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8
Q

What are the 3 plasma proteins?

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogens

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9
Q

make up bulk of plasma proteins, all synthesizes in liver

A

albumins

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10
Q

Where are albumins synthesized?

A

liver

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11
Q

What is the function of albumins?

A

function as transport proteins for insoluble metabolites (FA)

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12
Q

Albumins are responsible for maintaining what?

A

colloid osmotic pressure in blood vessels

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13
Q

Large plasma protein molecules that are used as transport proteins for lipids and heavy metal ions

A

globulins

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14
Q

What do globulins transport?

A

lipids and heavy metal ions

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15
Q

largest plasma proteins that are soluble and synthesized by liver

A

fibrinogens

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16
Q

Are fibrinogens soluble or insoluble?

A

soluble

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17
Q

Which organ synthesizes fibrinogen?

A

liver

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18
Q

plasma protein that polymerizes to form insoluble fibrin during clotting

A

fibrinogens

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19
Q

Fibrinogens polymerize to form what?

A

insoluble fibrin

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20
Q

process of converting fibrinogen to fibrin

A

prothrombin –> thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen –> fibrin

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21
Q

What catalyzes fibrinogen?

A

thrombin

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22
Q

What makes up the formed elements (“blood cells”)?

A

RBCs
WBCs
platelets

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23
Q

Where are the formed elements formed and how?

A

bone marrow via hemopoesis

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24
Q

volume of RBCs is know as:

A

hematocrit

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25
Q

what is the hematocrit in males vs females:

A

45% males

42% females

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26
Q

genetic neoplasia that causes increased RBC production

A

polycythemia vera

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27
Q

tumor of blood

A

neoplasia

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28
Q

hematocrit is approx equal to what

A

PCV (packed cell volume)

+/- buffy coat, depending on source

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29
Q

What does the buffy coat consist of?

A

WBCs and platelets (~1-2%)

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30
Q

drop of blood smeared, air dried, stained with modified Romanovsky method

A

blood smear

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31
Q

Blood smear examples

A

Wright
Giemsa
Diff-Quick

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32
Q

What are blood smears stained with?

A

modified Romanovsky method

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33
Q

process by which mature blood cells develop from precursor cells

A

hemopoiesis

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34
Q

RBC production

A

erythropoiesis

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35
Q

WBC production

A

myelopoiesis

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36
Q

What is hemopoiesis under control of?

A

erythropoietin

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37
Q

What is erythropoietin secreted by?

A

kidney

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38
Q

What does hemopoiesis begin with?

A

pluripotent stem cell

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39
Q

What does a pluripotent stem cell differentiate into?

A

several unipotential stem cell lines (colony forming units = CFUs)

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40
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur in adult humans?

A

vascular sinuses of bone marrow of cert bones—especially flat bones of skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, & some long bones

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41
Q

What is the estimated output of hemopoiesis daily?

A

2.5 billion (short-lived)

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42
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur in the fetus during the first trimester?

A

blood islands in the wall of yolk sac

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43
Q

What is the yolk sac rich in and what is the benefit of it?

A

iron needed to produce hemoglobin

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44
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur in the fetus during the second trimester?

A

liver and lymphatic tissue

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45
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur in the fetus during the last month of pregnancy?

A

bone marrow

46
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur at the time of birth?

A

primary to marrow cavities

47
Q

Do the number of active sites in hemopoiesis increase/decrease with age?

A

increase

48
Q

What are the 2 types of bone marrow?

A

red and yellow

49
Q

Type of marrow that contains large numbers of mature RBCs and large nuclei:

A

red

50
Q

Type of marrow that is inactive and known as “fatty” marrow

A

yellow

51
Q

What are the stages of erythropoiesis?

A

stem cell (CFU-E) –> proerythroblast –> erythroblast/normoblast –> reticulocyte –> mature RBC

52
Q

Overall trends in erythropoiesis:
(increase/decrease) in cell size
(loss/gain) of nucleus and organelles
(increase/decrease) in hemoglobin concentration (Hb)

A

decrease
loss
increase

53
Q

RBCs (erythrocytes) enucleate where?

A

mammals ONLY

54
Q

type of nucleus in RBC in mammals:

A

enucleate

55
Q

What happens to the nucleus in erythrocytes before it is release into the bloodstream?

A

nucleus extruded and all organelles degenerate

56
Q

What do mature RBCs consist of?

A

outer cell membrane containing cytoplasm, Hb, and few enzymes

57
Q

T/F: RBCs have a mitochondria.

A

false: lack mitochondria

58
Q

What effect does a lack of mitochondria have on RBCs.?

A

limited lifespan (~120 days)

59
Q

If RBCs lack mitochondria, how can they make ATP?

A

anaerobic glycolysis (enough to maintain cell integrity)

60
Q

Which organs remove senescent (old) RBCs?

A

liver and spleen

61
Q

occasional, basophilic nuclear remnants visible within cytoplasm during erythropoiesis

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

62
Q

immature RBCs with stippled cytoplasm and still have some rRNA, but slightly larger than mature RBCs (erythropoiesis)

A

reticulocytes

63
Q

increased reticulocytes in circulation associated with chronic blood loss, hemolytic anemia— aka “left shift”

A

reticulocytosis

64
Q

What leads to large cells called macrocytes?

A

vit B12 and B9 deficiency

65
Q

large numbers of erythrocyte precursors in peripheral blood

A

megaloblastic anemia

66
Q

**What is the size of RBCs?

A

6-8 um (micrometer) diameter

67
Q

What is the concavity of RBCs?

A

biconcave discs

68
Q

What is the primary structural protein in RBCs?

A

spectrin

69
Q

What is the function of spectrin in RBCs?

A

provides resiliency and deformability

70
Q

Where does spectrin bind?

A

inner surface of PM

71
Q

What is the purpose of the biconcave shape of erythrocytes?

A

increase surface area for gas exchange

72
Q

which cells are involved in O2 and CO2 transport

A

rbcs (erythrocytes)

73
Q

which cells contain large amount of Fe containing pigment, hemoglobin

A

rbcs (erythrocytes)

74
Q

Fe containing pigment

A

hemoglobin

75
Q

what do RBCs transport?

A

o2 and co2

76
Q

What makes up Hb?

A

4 polypeptide chains associated with 4 Fe-containing heme groups

77
Q

decreased Fe or blood loss

A

anemia

78
Q

type of anemia where rbc’s are small (microcytic) & pale staining (hypochromic)

A

Fe deficient anemia

vs. normocytic and normochromic

79
Q

single AA substitution that causes a change in 3D structure of Hb molecule

A

sickle cell anemia

80
Q

What is the AA substitution in sickle cell anemia?

A

valine for glutamic acid at position 6 of beta-globulin chain

81
Q

sickle cell anemia causes a _____ change in cell which leads to “_____” shape; more ___ and easily _____.

A

conformational
sickle
fragile
damaged

82
Q

What do sickle-shaped RBCs damage?

A

endothelial cells of capillary walls due to rough edges

83
Q

What is a potential benefit to sickle cell anemia?

A

resistance to malaria

84
Q

disease caused by an intracellular parasite, Plasmodium spp.

A

malaria

85
Q

thrombocytes =

A

platelets

86
Q

small, non-nucleated cells containing organelles

A

platelets

87
Q

Do platelets have nuceli?

A

no

88
Q

Do platelets have organelles?

A

yes

89
Q

What are platelets formed from?

A

megakaryocytes

90
Q

large, polyploid cells in bone marrow with single, multi-lobed nucleus

A

megakaryocytes

91
Q

megakaryocytes develop _____ channels in the _____ which causes platelets to do what?

A

demarcation
cytoplasm
tear off

92
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

blood clotting - form vascular plugs at site of vascular damage

93
Q

What can impair platelet function?

A

drugs like aspirin

94
Q

Result of cascade interaction between plasma proteins & coagulation factors

A

coagulation

95
Q

When does coagulation occur?

A

only if endothelial lining of vessel is injured

96
Q

What are the 2 pathways fo coagulation?

A

intrinsic

extrinsic

97
Q

Which coagulation pathway is faster?

A

extrinsic

98
Q

The extrinsic coagulation pathway is initiated by what?

A

release of tissue thromboplastin as result of tissue damage

99
Q

The intrinsic coagulation pathway is initiated by what?

A

exposure of collagen

100
Q

What does the intrinsic coagulation pathway require?

A

numerous clotting factors (Willebrand’s factor, Factor VIII) and longer cascade reaction

101
Q

Describe the steps of coagulation

A
  1. When wall of blood vessel breaks, tissue injury results
  2. Releases thromboplastin, initiates extrinsic pathway —Also exposes collagen, initiates intrinsic pathway
  3. Platelets mechanically adhere to exposed collagen; also release serotonin (potent vasoconstrictor—constricts sm Mm in damaged vessel to minimize blood loss)
102
Q

Extrinsic & intrinsic pathways converge to form ____ pathway (at point where ______ activated)

A

common

Factor X

103
Q

Converging of extrinsic and intrinsic pathways results in what?

A

conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, converts soluble fibrinogenin to insoluble fibrin

104
Q

What does coagulation trap?

A

platelets and RBCs

105
Q

What stops clotting?

A
  • Exhaustion of fibrinogen and removal of thrombin from blood during conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
  • anticoagulants: antithrombin III & heparin
106
Q

Inappropriate clot formation leads to what?

A

heart attack, stroke, DIC

107
Q

Deficiency in clotting factor(s), so blood can’t clot; defect in intrinsic pathway

A

hemophiia

108
Q

Hemophilia is ___-linked and found in (males/females)

A

sex

males

109
Q

Which chromosome is hemophilia present on?

A

X chromosome

110
Q

deficiency of clotting Factor VIII

A

Hemophilia A

111
Q

Factor IX deficiency

A

Hemophilia B

112
Q

Factor XI deficiency

A

Hemophilia C

Histology (6 decks)

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