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Histology > Cytoskeleton & Cell Division > Flashcards

Cytoskeleton & Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Provide STRUCTURAL SUPPORT for plasma membrane & cell organelles
  2. Intracellular MOVEMENT/transport of substances (large molecules/organelles)
  3. Cell LOCOMOTION (amoeboid movement, embryonic development, cilia, flagella)
  4. Mm CONTRACTION (specialized cells)
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2
Q

What are the 3 main elements of cytoskeleton?

A
  1. microfilaments
  2. intermediate filaments
  3. microtubules
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3
Q

Element of cytoskeleton that is distributed in 3D network throughout cytoplasm

A

microfilaments

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4
Q

Why are microfilaments important?

A

maintain CELL SHAPE

facilitate shape CHANGES during MOVEMENT

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5
Q

Examples of microfilaments acting in body:

A

wound contraction during healing

muscle contraction

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6
Q

Microfilament that is known as the “thin” filament (6-8 nm diameter):

A

actin

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7
Q

Actin strands are made of smaller _____ subunits

A

G-actin (monomers)

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8
Q

small, globular protein monomer

A

G-actin

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9
Q

polymerizes to form protofilaments

A

G-actin

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10
Q

2 protofilaments twist together to form:

A

double-helix (F-actin)

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11
Q

Where is actin located and what does it link to?

A

beneath PM

filamin (protein)

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12
Q

Actin forms a support meshwork called ___ ___

A

cell cortex (terminal web)

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13
Q

Actin prevents the cell from what?

A

deformation

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14
Q

Where can actin be found other than beneath the PM?

A

microvilli

stereocilia

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15
Q

known as the “thick” filament (~15 nm diameter)

A

myosin (2x size actin)

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16
Q

What is myosin classified as?

A

motor protein

*along with DYNEIN & KINESIN

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17
Q

What is the shape of myosin molecules?

A

long and rod-shaped
GLOBULAR heads
form thick, ropy “cables” with myosin heads sticking out side

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18
Q

Myosin heads form _____ between adjacent filaments

A

cross-bridges

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19
Q

What is required for movement of myosin filaments for mm contraction?

A

Ca

ATP

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20
Q

Element of cytoskeleton that is 8-10 10-15 nm in diameter (middle of microfilaments and microtubules) and has 1’ structural function

A

intermediate filaments

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21
Q

Element of cytoskeleton that forms large filaments that bind with intracellular structures

A

intermediate filaments

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22
Q

Why are intermediate filaments useful?

A

immunohistology and tumor ID

23
Q

Part of intermediate filament that is characteristic of all epithelial cells and forms tonofibrils is skin epidermis

A

(cyto)keratin

24
Q

Part of intermediate filament that is found in MESODERMAL cells of MESENCHYMAL origin (includes endothelial cells, muscle & neuroectodermal cells)

A

vimentin

25
Q

Part of intermediate filament that is unique to MUSCLE cells; mesodermal origin

A

DESMIN

26
Q

Part of intermediate filament that is present in NERVE cells (neurons)

A

neurofilament proteins

27
Q

Part of intermediate filament that is found in glial (support) cells of nervous system (astrocytes)

A

GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein)

28
Q

Part of intermediate filament that forms layer on inside of nuclear membrane (support)

A

lamin

29
Q

Element of cytoskeleton that is larger than microfilaments or intermediate filaments (24 nm)

A

microtubules

30
Q

Element of cytoskeleton that is composed of 2 types of globular protein subunits

A

microtubules

31
Q

What are the 2 types of globular protein subunits in MT and how are they arranged?

A

alpha and beta tubulin

coiled, spiral pattern

32
Q

Element of cytoskeleton that polymerizes to form hollow tubes—readily assemble & disassemble

A

MT

33
Q

Functions of MTs:

A

cell movement
maintain cell shape
intracellular transport of substances

34
Q

How does movement occur in MTs?

A

addition and subtraction of tubulin subunits from MTs

35
Q

Which motor proteins attach MTs to organelles and what is the function?

A

dynein and kynesin

movement in cytoplasm

36
Q

What is the function fo various MAP’s (microtubule-associated proteins)?

A

provide energy as ATPase

37
Q

What helps stabilize MTs?

A

capping proteins

MAPs

38
Q

Example of MT

A

cell spindle during cell division

39
Q

Which drugs inhibit polymerization of MTs and cell division?

A

colchicine

vincristine & vinblastin (chemo)

40
Q

What effect do drugs like colchicine or vincristine & vinblastin (chemo) have on MTs?

A

inhibit polymerization and cell division

41
Q

Where are MTs found in?

A

cilia & flagella
centrioles
basal bodies of cilia
mitotic spindles

42
Q

9 pairs of microtubules (peripheral doublets) containing dynein arms arranged in circle with central doublet in middle (9+2 structure)

A

axoneme

43
Q

arrangement of cilia and flagella

A

axoneme

44
Q

Central doublet connects to peripheral doublets by _____ & peripheral doublets connect to each other by protein ____

A

radial spokes

nexin

45
Q

In cilia, axoneme grows from _______, derived from modified ______

A

basal body

centriole

46
Q

Where are centrioles located?

A

centrosomes (“cell center”) near nucleus

47
Q

function of centrioles

A

cell divison

48
Q

During cell division, pair of ______ (= diplosome) orient at right angles to each other within centrosome

A

centrioles

49
Q

Each centriole consists of 9 ____ of microtubules arranged in a ______

A

triplets

cylinder

50
Q

Centrioles act as a _____ _____ for MTs.

A

nucleation center

51
Q

During _____, centrioles divide—each pair goes to opposite poles of cell

A

mitosis

52
Q

Centrioles form _____ _____, which controls distribution of chromosomes in daughter cells

A

mitotic spindle

53
Q

Function of mitotic spindle

A

controls distribution of chromosomes in daughter cells

54
Q

How does movement of chromosomes occur during cell division?

A

addition & subtraction of tubulin subunits & attachment proteins (e.g., dynein & kynesin) to chromatids at kinetochore (= centromere)

Histology (6 decks)

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