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Histology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

study of cells

A

histology

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2
Q

5 basic tissue types

A

blood, connective tissue, epithelium, muscle, nervous tissue

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3
Q

functional units of living organisms

A

cells

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4
Q

cells with similar morphology and/or function form __

A

tissue (nervous, muscle)

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5
Q

what do cells do in order to perform special functions?

A

differentiate

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6
Q

anatomically discreet collections of tissues that perform certain functions

A

organs (ex: kidney, liver)

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7
Q

cells that make up the FUNCTIONAL elements of an organ

A

parenchyma

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8
Q

STRUCTURAL framework of an organ, background tissue

A

stroma

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9
Q

tissues and organs are organized into larger ___ that may be __ entities (CNS) or ___ aggregates (immune system)

A

systems
discreet
diffuse

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10
Q

blood is the only

A

fluid tissue

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11
Q

blood location

A

contained within vessels of the circulatory system

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12
Q

function of connective tissue

A

surrounds and supports other tissue

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13
Q

this tissue covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands

A

epithelium

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14
Q

this tissue contains specialized contractile cells responsible for MOVEMENT

A

muscle

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15
Q

epithelium function

A

covers body surfaces
lines cavities
forms glands

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16
Q

this tissue contains modified cells responsible for intercellular communciation

A

nervous tissue

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17
Q

general process of tissue preparation

A 
Formalin
Cut tissue in cassettes
Dehydrate with alcohol baths
Clear with xylene
Embed in liquid paraffin or plastic resin
Microtome or grind if plastic
Mount on slides
Deparaffinize
Rehydrate with alcohol and xylene (reverse order)
Stain
Coverslip (protection)
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18
Q

What happens to unfixed tissue?

A

autolyzes/denatures (rots)

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19
Q

How do you prevent denaturing of unfixed tissue?

A

fixation in formalin (37% formaldehyde)

cross links protein to preserve tissue

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20
Q

function of tissue cassettes

A

Helps identify
Prevent from mixing
Fixed tissue placed inside

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21
Q

function of automated tissue processor

A

dehydrates tissues through series of alcohol baths

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22
Q

most popular embed technique

A

paraffin (not water soluble so needs to be dehydrated)

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23
Q

example of plastic resin embedding material

A 
methyl methacrylate (mma)
good results but difficult to stain and expensive
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24
Q

most common stains

A

hematoxylin
eosin
(H & E)

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25
Q

characteristics of hematoxylin

A

blue, basic dye
stains acids
(ex: nuclei)
basophilic (blue/purple)

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26
Q

characteristics of eosin

A

red/pink, acidic dye
stains bases
(ex: proteins)
eosinophilic (red/pink)

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27
Q

animal cells surrounded by flexible cell membrane

A

plasmalemma

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28
Q

function of plasmalemma

A

semi-permeable membrane (SPM)

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29
Q

what type of bilayer does the cell membrane form

A

phospholipoid bilayer

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30
Q

What makes up the phospholipid bilayer?

A

molecules with hydrophilic (polar) heads and hydrophobic (non-polar) tails
(amphoteric/amphipathic)

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31
Q

Which direction do the __ head and the __ tails point?

A

hydrophilic (outward)

hydrophobic (inward)

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32
Q

The hydrophilic portion of membrane contains

A

positively charged N groups

negatively charged phosphate groups

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33
Q

Where is the hydrophilic portion of the membrane present?

A

BOTH inside and outside of membrane

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34
Q

The hydrophobic portion of the membrane contains

A

2 long chain FA’s covalently linked to glycerol

35
Q

Describe the hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers in terms of electron density.

A

heads: electron dense
tails: electron lucent

36
Q

The cell membrane is responsible for the ______ appearance on EM

A

tri-laminar

37
Q

Describe the tri-laminar appearance of the cell membrane

A

2 electron dense layers (hydrophilic phospholipid heads)

separated by electron lucent layer (hydrophobic, FA tails)

38
Q

What affects membrane fluidity

A

Increased: increase temp and decrease saturation of FA’s
Decreased: cholesterol stiffens membrane, close packing of FA’s

39
Q

Role of cholesterol in membrane fluidity

A

regulates fluidity and stabilizes membrane

40
Q

cholesterol ratio to phospholipids

A

1:1

41
Q

membrane proteins are

A

large, mobile protein molecules scattered throughout the membrane

42
Q

function of some membrane proteins

A

cell-cell recognition

surface proteins

43
Q

extrinsic/peripheral proteins

A

proteins on surface of membrane

44
Q

intrinsic/integral proteins

A

proteins incorporated within the membrane

45
Q

transmural proteins

A

some intrinsic proteins
extend from one side of membrane to other
“transmembrane” proteins

46
Q

Pores in membrane proteins

A

transmembrane proteins with openings

always open

47
Q

channels in membrane proteins

A

transmembrane proteins
can open and close
selective
used for active or passive transport of hydrophilic molecules
allow passage of water-soluble molecules via diffusion

48
Q

What are the categories on membrane proteins?

A 
pumps
channels
receptor proteins
transducers
enzymes
structural proteins
49
Q

serve to transport ions across membrane (give example)

A

pumps

Na-K pump

50
Q

allow passage of water-soluble molecules via DIIFFUSION

A

channels

51
Q

allow for CELL RECOGNITION and BINDING on cell membrane (give example)

A

receptor proteins (immune mediated reactions –> WBCs)

52
Q

initiate ENZYMATIC RXNs following binding with LIGAND molecules (give example)

A

transducers

hormone

53
Q

components of ION PUMPS and DIGESTIVE ACTION

A

enzymes

54
Q

add MECHANICAL stability to membrane

A

structural proteins

55
Q

many membrane proteins and some lipids are conjugated with SHORT POLYSACCHARIDE CHAINS containing glucose molecules containing glucose molecules which form ____ and _____.

A

glycoproteins

glycolipids

56
Q

glycoproteins + glcyolipids = ______

A

glycocalyx (outside of cell)

57
Q

functions of glycocaylx (3)

A

protects surface of cell membrane
cell recognition
mediates EXCHANGE between internal and external cell environment

58
Q

types of transport (4)

A

simple (passive) diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
bulk (vesicular) transport

59
Q

what type of diffusion occurs DOWN a concentration gradient?

A

simple

60
Q

What passes directly through plasma membrane via diffusion?

A

lipids
gases (O2, CO2)
some small hydrophilic molecules (water, urea, bicarbonate)

61
Q

how do large water-soluble molecules pass through membrane?

A

pores or channels in transmembrane proteins

62
Q

what type of diffusion is passive and concentration dependent, but requires “carrier molecules?”

A

facilitated (carrier-mediated)

63
Q

What is the function of facilitated diffusion?

A

reversible binding and unbinding to transport water-soluble, hydrophilic molecules (glucose and AA’s)

64
Q

What type of diffusion uses ION CHANNELS in transmembrane proteins, which can be gated or ungated?

A

faciliated

65
Q

Which channels are always open in facilitated diffusion?

A

ungated (pores)

66
Q

Which channels can be open or closed and allow for selective permeability in facilitated diffusion??

A

gated

67
Q

Which channel in facilitated diffusion requires the presence of a stimulus to open?
What does the stimulus do?

A

gated

causes conformational change of protein

68
Q

What type of gating requires change in membrane potential to open?

A

voltage gating

69
Q

What type of gating requires binding of signaling molecule or NT (Ach)?

A

chemical gating

70
Q

How are both passive and facilitated diffusion enhanced?

A

increase in surface area of cell membrane via folding (microvilli)

71
Q

Important type of channel that uses FACILITATED diffusion and allows WATER to cross plasma membrane FASTER than by simple diffusion alone?
Where can this be found in the body?

A

Aquaporins

Renal tubules in kidneys

72
Q

What type of transport is INDEPENDENT of concentration (usually against gradient)

A

active transport

73
Q

What type of transport requires energy from ATP –> ADP?

give example.

A

active transport

Na pump

74
Q

Where does active transport occur?

A

specialized “dynamic pore sites”

usually transmembrane proteins

75
Q

What type of transport is endocytosis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis?

A

Bulk (vesicular transport)

76
Q

engulfment of molecules or particles by cytoplasmic extensions

A

endocytosis

77
Q

forms of endocytosis (2)

A

phagocytosis

pinocytosis

78
Q

engulfment of solid, particulate matter

A

phagocytosis

79
Q

engulfment of liquids

A

pinocytosis

80
Q

What does endocytosis result in?

A

endosomes (phagosomes/endocytic vacuoles)

81
Q

membrane-bound, endocytic vacuoles

A

endosomes

82
Q

What is the type of endocytosis where extracellular molecules (ligands) bind to receptor proteins, or clathrins, located in coated pits (caveolae) of cell membrane?

A

receptor-mediated

83
Q

any bulk transport, or vesicular movement from cytoplasm to ECS is ___.

A

exocytosis

84
Q

transport of material across or through cell, via sequential endocytosis follow by exocytosis

A

transcytosis

Histology (6 decks)

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