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Liz's Hematology Module 2 > Leukocyte Development, Kinetics, and Function > Flashcards

Leukocyte Development, Kinetics, and Function Flashcards

1
Q

A bacterial infection will most likely cause a dramatic increase in which cell line?

A

Neutrophils

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2
Q

3 forms of cell production

A
  • Erythropoiesis
  • Leukopoiesis
  • Megakaryopoiesis
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3
Q

2 forms of leukopoiesis

A
  • Myelopoiesis (monocytes/macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils)
  • Lymphopoiesis
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4
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur in a healthy adult?

A

BM

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5
Q

This theory suggests that all blood cells are derived from a single progenitor stem cell

A

Monophyletic Theory

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6
Q

Growth factors and ____ are terms that can be used interchangeably

A

Cytokines

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7
Q

These are a group of soluble proteins that modulate the functional activities of other cells; responsible for stimulation or inhibition of RBC maturation

A

Cytokines

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8
Q

An essential cytokine in the early stages of hematopoiesis b/c it stimulates cell proliferation

A

C-Kit; aka Stem Cell Factor (SCF)

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9
Q

Colony stimulating factors have ____ specificity and are active at ____ concentrations

A

High; Low

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10
Q

What does GM-csf stand for?

A

Granulocyte Macrophage

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11
Q

What does Meg-csf stand for?

A

Megakaryocyte

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12
Q

What does G-csf stand for?

A

Granulocyte

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13
Q

What does M-csf stand for?

A

Monocyte

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14
Q

How can colony stimulating factors be used in patient care?

A

To start production of different cell lines

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15
Q

Cytokines that exhibit multiple biologic activities including regulation of autoimmune and inflammatory reactions and hematopoiesis

A

Interleukins (IL)

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16
Q

2 examples of interleukins

A
  • IL-3

- IL-6

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17
Q

Interleukin that controls production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes and macrophages

A

IL-3

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18
Q

Interleukin that stimulates myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages

A

IL-6

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19
Q

Programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

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20
Q

Accidental cell death

A

Necrosis

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21
Q

As cell matures what two things happen?

A
  • Decrease in cell size

- Decrease in N/C ratio

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22
Q

What specific changes occur in the nucleus during cell maturation?

A
  • Loss of nucleoli
  • Decrease in size
  • Condensation of chromatin
  • Possible shape changes
  • Possible nucleus ejections
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23
Q

What specific changes occur in the cytoplasm during cell maturation?-

A
  • Decrease in basophilia
  • Increase in amount of cytoplasm
  • Granules may appear
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24
Q

Therapeutic applications of cytokines

A
  • Stimulate BM production of hematopoietic cells by using GM-csf, EPO, and interleukins
  • Promote maturation of developmentally arrested cells
  • Initiate apoptosis
  • Slow proliferation
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25
Q

This cell has a nucleus w/ 2-5 nucleoli, moderate basophlia w/ less than 5 granules, and is not present in PB; these are increased in leukemia

A

Myeloblast

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26
Q

These cells have a round to oval nucleus with 1-3 or more nucleoli, slightly coarser chromatin than myeloblast, basophilic cytoplasm with few red to purple primary granules and no secondary granules; these are not present in peripheral blood under normal conditions

A

Promyelocyte

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27
Q

Primary granules are composed of ____

A

Myeloperoxidase (MPO)

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28
Q

Secondary granules are composed of ____

A

LAP

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29
Q

These cells have a round to oval nucleus that may have one flattened side, nucleoli not ususally visible, coarse chromatin, and is more condensed that promyelo; the cytoplasm is slightly basophilic but starting to turn pink due to granules; these are not present in peripheral blood under normal conditions

A

Myelocyte

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30
Q

This cell has an indented nucleus, nucleoli are not visible, and chromatin is coarse and clumped; cytoplasm is pink; not found in peripheral blood under normal conditions

A

Metamyelocyte

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31
Q

This cell has a band shaped nucleus which is constricted but no threadlike filament; cytoplasm is pink; and ______% are found in peripheral blood

A

Band; 0-6%

32
Q

This cell’s nucleus has 2-5 lobes connected by thin filaments and is found in the peripheral blood as _______%

A

Seg; 50-70%

33
Q

Two neutrophil pools in the BM

A
  • Proliferation (mitotic) pool

- Maturation (storage) pool

34
Q

A left shift causes cells to be pushed out of the ____ pool first

A

Maturation

35
Q

____ stimulates neutrophils in the BM to enter the PB

A

G-csf

36
Q

Loosely attached to the endothelial lining of small capillaries or sequestered in the spleen or liver

A

Marginal pool

37
Q

Collected in venipuncture in the peripheral blood; neutrophils are split equally b/w the marginal and this pool

A

Circulating pool

38
Q

Neutrophils that have migrated into tissues from the PB in response to infection or inflammation

A

TIssue pool

39
Q

Part of the innate immune system, no memory against re-exposure
- Major function: phagocytosis of the bacteria

A

Neutrophils

40
Q

Neutrophil recruitment to the inflammatory site

A

Chemotaxis

41
Q

5 steps of the leukocyte adhesion cascade

A
  1. Capture
  2. Rolling
  3. Slow rolling
  4. Firm adhesion
  5. Transmigration
42
Q

In this step, chemoattractant activates endothelial cells; draws leukocytes to a position closer to the endothelium of the blood vessel

A

Capture

43
Q

In this step, the WBCs transiently adhere to the endothelium and begin to roll

A

Rolling

44
Q

Cell adhesion molecule; expressed on the surface of activated endothelial cells

A

P-selectin

45
Q

This step requires expression of E-selectin on endothelium and CD18 integrin in lipid bilayer of WBC

A

Slow rolling

46
Q

Receptors that mediate attachement b/w a cell and the tissue

A

Integrins

47
Q

Process where adhered WBCs escape from the interior of the blood vessel through the endothelium

A

Transmigration

48
Q

Half life of neutrophils in the blood is ____ hours before they’re removed by the RES

A

7

49
Q

Eosinophil maturation mirrors ____ maturaiton stages

A

Neutrophil

50
Q

Ag presenting cells; regulate immune response by controlling mast cell function; increased in parasitic infections; allergic disorders such as asthma and food allergies

A

Eosinophils

51
Q

Believed to share a common progenitor cell with eosinophils derived from the CMP; usually only divided in two phases, mature and immature

A

Basophils

52
Q

These cells mature in the tissues and are NOT leukocytes; similar to basophils but bigger

A

Mast cells

53
Q

What is the main difference between basophils and mast cells if they BOTH originate in the bone marrow and BOTH are major players in allergic inflammation?

A

Basophils mature in the BM and mast cells mature in the tissue

54
Q

They share a GMP with neutrophils; originate in the bone marrow; storage pool is in the spleen but like neutrophils they have a circulating and marginal pool

A

Monocytes

55
Q

3 stages of monocytes

A
  • Monoblasts (indistinguishable from myelocytes)
  • Promonocytes
  • Monocytes
56
Q

Innate immunity (phagocytosis), adaptive immunity (Ag presenting to T and B cells), and housekeeping (remove debris, storage pool of iron for erythropoiesis)

A

Function of monocyte/macrophage

57
Q

The storage pool of iron for erythroipoiesis or the erythroblastic island are also known as what?

A

Nurse cells or sideroblasts

58
Q

What two types of immunity do lymphocytes provide?

A
  • Innate immunity

- Adaptive immunity

59
Q

These do not need to be presented with antigen and are part of the innate immunity of lymps

A

NK cells

60
Q

These cells are presented with an antigen and have to respond; one provides cellular immunity and one provides humoral immunity

A 
Cellular = T cells
Humoral = B cells
61
Q

B cells develop in the BM and have what 3 stages?

A
  • Pro-B
  • Pre-B
  • Immature B
62
Q

What is the primary function of B cells?

A

Ab production (and can play a role in Ag presentation to T cells)

63
Q

After immature B cells leave the BM and travel to LNs they’re presented w/ Ag and either become memory B cells or effector B cells, also known as what?

A

Plasma cells

64
Q

These develop in the thymus and regulate immune response

A

T cells

65
Q

What are the 3 stages of T cell maturation?

A
  • Pro-T
  • Pre-T
  • Immature T
66
Q

These develop in the thymus and bone marrow; their PRIMARY function is killing tumor cells and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization because they are a part of the innate immune system

A

NK cells

67
Q

BM process of RBC production

A

Erythropoiesis

68
Q

Process by which WBCs form and develop in the BM and LNs

A

Leukopoiesis

69
Q

Production of BM and of all cells that arise form it; basically all blood cells

A

Myelopoiesis

70
Q

Formation and production of lymphs, predominately in the LNs

A

Lymphopoiesis

71
Q

Production and development of megakaryocytes, the precursors to platelets in the BM

A

Megakaryopoiesis

72
Q

Immune response initiated and mediated by cytokines, NKs, and macrophages; the mechanism of acquired immunity characterized by the dominant role of T lymphocytes

A

Cellular immunity

73
Q

Nonspecific immunity (damage host cells and tissues)

A

Innate immunity

74
Q

Immune response mediated by B lymphocytes, which produce circulating Abs in reaction to infectious organisms and other foreign Ags

A

Humoral immunity

75
Q

After monocytes enter tissues, they can mature into ____, ____, or ____

A

Macrophages; osteoclasts; dendritic cells

76
Q

How does movement of neutrophils from one pool to another affect lab results?

A
  • If neutrophils are moving from the circulating pool to the marginal pool → leukocytopenia in the circulating pool
  • If patient is exhibiting hepatosplenomegaly → leukocytosis in the marginal pool

Liz's Hematology Module 2 (13 decks)

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