Leukaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is Leukaemia? (2 points)

A
  1. Cancer of stem cells in bone marrow
  2. Causing unregulated prod of other types of blood cells
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2
Q

What are the different types of Leukaemia in kids? (3 things)

A
  1. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) (most common)
  2. Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML)
  3. Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) (rare)
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3
Q

What ages does Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) peak?

A

2-3 years

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4
Q

What ages does Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) peak?

A

Under 2 years

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5
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Leukaemia? (3 steps)

A
  1. Excess prod of one type of blood cell
  2. Leading to underprod of other blood cells
  3. Aka Pancytopenia (low RBC / WBC / Platelets)
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6
Q

What are the RF for Leukaemia? (3 things)

A
  1. Radiation exposure (main RF)
  2. Downs syndrome
  3. Kleinfelter syndrome
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7
Q

What are the CF of Leukaemia? (11 things)

A
  1. Fever (unexplained)
  2. Fatigue
  3. Pallor
  4. Night sweats
  5. Lymphadenopathy
  6. Bone / joint pain
  7. Petechiae (rash) / Bruising / Bleeding
  8. Abd pain
  9. Hepatosplenomegaly
  10. Failure to thrive
  11. WL
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8
Q

What are some DDx that present similarly to Leukaemia? (7 things)

A
  1. Immune thrombocytopaenia (bruising)
  2. Trauma (bruising)
  3. Immune deficiency
  4. Reactive lymphadenopathy
  5. Infection (CNS symptoms)
  6. Raised ICP (CNS symptoms)
  7. Other cancer met into bone marrow (pancytopaenia)
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9
Q

How do you differentiate between Immune thrombocytopaenia and Leukaemia?

A

IT will have Normal RCB / WBC

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10
Q

How do you differentiate between Trauma and Leukaemia?

A

Trauma will have normal bloods

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11
Q

Which kids does NICE recommend you refer for Immediate specialist assessment? (2 things)

A
  1. Unexplained petechiae
  2. Unexplained hepatomegaly
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12
Q

What investigations are involved in the Immediate specialist assessment? (4 things)

A
  1. FBC (urgent within 48 hours)
  2. Blood film
  3. Bone marrow biopsy
  4. Lymph node biopsy
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13
Q

What may a FBC show you in sus Leukaemia? (4 things)

A
  1. Anaemia
  2. Leukopaenia
  3. Thrombocytopaenia
  4. High numbers of abnormal WBC
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14
Q

What may a Blood film show you in sus Leukaemia?

A

Blast cells

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15
Q

What further investigations can you do for Leukaemia to help with Staging? (5 things)

A
  1. CXR
  2. CT
  3. Lumbar puncture
  4. Genetic analysis
  5. Immunophenotyping of abn cells
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16
Q

What is the Primary Tx for Leukaemia?

A

Chemo

17
Q

What are the other Tx options for Leukaemia? (3 things)

A
  1. Radiotherapy
  2. Bone marrow transplant
  3. Surgery
18
Q

What are the complications of Leukaemia? (7 things)

A
  1. Failure to Tx it
  2. Stunted growth + dev
  3. Immunodeficiency + inf
  4. Neurotoxicity
  5. Infertility
  6. Secondary malignancy
  7. Cardiotoxicity
19
Q

What is the prognosis for Leukaemia? (2 things)

A
  1. ALL: 80%
  2. AML: Not good