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Pharmacology > Lesson A3 - DOSE-RESPONSE CURVES AND SELECTIVE TOXICITY > Flashcards

Lesson A3 - DOSE-RESPONSE CURVES AND SELECTIVE TOXICITY Flashcards

1
Q

__________ refers to the amount of drug that must be given to obtain a particular response.

A

Potency

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2
Q

If drug A is more potent then drug B then a user need to take __________ of Drug ____to get the same effects as drug ___

A

Less, A, B

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3
Q

___________ Is the maximum effect that is obtainable with a given drug

A

Efficacy

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4
Q

Morphine had a greater _________ than aspirin in the relief of pain

A

Efficacy ( Morphine can relieve more intense pain than aspirin can)

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5
Q

What is more important? Potency or Efficacy?

A

Efficacy (Because no matter how potent a drug is ……. If the efficacy of the other drug is greater you will be able to achieve higher maximum results)

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6
Q

On a dose response curve the x -axis ( horizontal axis) measures the __________ of a drug

A

Potency

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7
Q

On a dose response curve the y -axis ( Vertical axis) measures the __________ of a drug

A

Efficacy

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8
Q

A pesticide used for killing insects is know as an _____________

A

Insecticide

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9
Q

A pesticide used for killing plant life is know as an _____________

A

Herbicide

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10
Q

_______________ means the injury of one type of living matter without harming some other kind

A

Selective Toxicity

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11
Q

There is a widespread need for agents, knows as ___________, that will kill fungi, weeds, and insects pests without harming plant growth

A

Pesticides

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12
Q

Explain a case of selective toxicity

A

10% Sulphuric Acid –> It it toxic to weeds but not to cereal grass. Weeds exterior is rough and wax free so it can accumulate but the exterior of cereal grass is smooth and waxy so the Sulphuric Acid runs off

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13
Q

In order to treat cancer a combination of _______________ are often used

A

Anticancer drugs

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14
Q

What are two mulitdrug resistance proteins that have been found in cancer treatment

A

P-glycoprotein, the mulitdrug resistance protein (MRP)

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15
Q

Some cancer cells which are resistant to the action of these drugs have been found to have a mechanism for ____________ these ______________

A

extruding, Anticancer

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16
Q

Two drugs that have a normal function in the body , but if overproduced by a tumour, can result in drug resistance

A

P-glycoprotein, the mulitdrug resistance protein (MRP)

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17
Q

Chemotherapy is an example of _______________

A

Selective toxcitiy

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18
Q

Early theories of disease suggested the body was overcome by _____________ and the most efficacious treatment was to get rid of these spirits from the body

A

Evil spirits

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19
Q

List 3 ways that people tried to rid the body from evil spirits

A
  1. Sulphur burnt to create bad fumes and drive evil spirits away
  2. Blood letting
  3. Administer agents promoting urination
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20
Q

The demonstration that diseases of many types are caused by __________ was made by _________ in the ____ century

A

Microbes, Pasteur and Koch, 19th

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21
Q

What demonstration caused people to attack disease on a rational basis

A

The demonstration was to show that diseases of many types are caused by microbes

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22
Q

During the latter part of the 19th century, most scientific workers believed that there was little hope of finding a cure for ____________________

A

Microbial diseases

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23
Q

What did people believe about substances that killed microbes?

A

That these substances would also kill the individual whose body the bacteria were living

24
Q

What pessimistic view did Paul Ehrlich not share with other scientist and who is Paul Ehrlich?

A
  • He didn’t believe that any substance that killed microbes had to also kill the individual whose body the bacteria were living
25
Q

What did Paul Ehrlich also observe regarding dyes?

A

Some dyes stained certain body tissues and not others

26
Q

The dye methylene blue stained ______________(3 words)_________

A

Preferably

27
Q

What did Paul Ehrlich reason?

A

That he should be able to design chemicals that would specifically stain parasites

28
Q

Paul Ehrlich realized that the staining of the parasite would be ____________ to the strong binding of chemical to the parasite

A

Equivalent

29
Q

Paul Ehrlch reasoned that if he could attach a _______________ to the chemical he would be able to design a substance that would __________4 words_______________________

A

toxic grouping, specifically kill the parasite

30
Q

Paul Ehrlich reasoned that the specifically-designed chemical would bind only to the __________ and not the ___________

A

Parasite, Human cells

31
Q

Who said the following quote?
“In this way, we arrive in an natural manner to this: that chemotherapeutic agents built up in a complicated manner may be compared to a poisoned arrow. The fixing group of the drug which anchors to the chemoreceptor of the parasite, corresponds to the point of the arrow. The binding member is the shaft and the poison group is the arrow poison fixed to the shaft of the arrow.”

A

Paul Ehrlich

32
Q

Paul Ehrlich said the proposition “ Corpora non agunt nisi fixata which means “ bodies do not act unless fixed”. What did he mean by this?

A

By this he meant that a drug would not act on a parasite unless it was attached to it first.

33
Q

The idea of a drug would not act on a parasite unless it was attached to it first was not believed by many scientists. How did the scientists think drugs worked in this time?

A

At the time, it was believed that drugs acted by stimulating the body’s defence system.

34
Q

The drug Atoxyl was active in a test tube but not in a person’s body. True or false?

A

False, It was active in a person’s body but not a test tube and therefore people believed that this drug worked by stimulating the body’s defence system.

35
Q

What was Ehrlich able to show about how Atoxyl worked in the body

A

Ehrlich was able to show that Atoxyl is converted in the body to an active form which then attaches to the parasite.

36
Q

Ehrlich utilized _______ as his toxic grouping and synthesized many derivatives of this compound.

A

arsenic

37
Q

What was Ehrlich arsenic compound used to treat and where was it tested

A

Syphilis, Rabbits

38
Q

How many compounds did Ehrlich test before he found one that could kill the syphilis organism in rabitts and was safe to use in humans

A

606th

39
Q

True or False! At the beginning of the 20th
century, most hospital beds in London were occupied by patients with syphilis. By 1920, several years after the introduction of Salvarsan, such patients were rarely seen on the wards. Instead they were treated on an out-patient basis in special clinics.

A

True –> Paul Ehrlich used his arsenic based compound

40
Q

What were the 4 requirements that Ehrlich said were necessary for success in scientific research?

A

(1) Geld (money); (2) Geduld (patience); (3) Geschick (cleverness); (4) Gluck (luck).

41
Q

In 1935 Domagk, working at the Bayer factory in Germany, Studied the effects of a large number of chemical compounds against a bacterium know as ___________ in mice

A

Streptococcus

42
Q

What drug did Domagk discover that was able to harm the streptococcus without harming the mouse.

A

Prontosil

43
Q

Between the years 1932-1935, _________ of patients having streptococcus in their blood died.However, after 1935 with the introduction of ___________, very few patients died from this cause.

A

71%, Prontosil

44
Q

Prontosil was found to be __________ against the streptococcus in the test tube.

A

Inactive

45
Q

Why was Prontosil found to be inactive in the test tube?

A

Because Prontosil is split in the liver to give sulfanilamide which is the active principle

46
Q

Prontosil was found to be inactive in the test tube because Prontosil is ________________________ to give _____________ which is the ________ Principle

A

split in the liver, sulfanilamide, active

47
Q

Why is sulfanilamide selectively toxic?

A

Because both microbes and the host cells require a substance called “Folic Acid” for growth. Folic acid is available in the body and crosses into the host’s cells which are then able to use the folic acid. Folic acid is, however, unable to enter microbes.

48
Q

What does PABA stand for?

A

para-aminobenzoic acid

49
Q

Sulfanilamide closely resemble _____________ in structure

A

PABA

50
Q

___________ closely resemble PABA in structure

A

Sulfanilamide

51
Q

What is the analogy regarding PABA and sulfanilamide

A

PABA can be considered the key for the lock. Sulfanilamide closely resembles the key, gets into the lock and blocks the lokc so that PABA (The key) cannot get into and open the lock

52
Q

How do microbes continue to grow if they can’t make folic acid?

A

They take up PABA –> Which is then used to make Folic acid

53
Q

The microbe cannot distinguish between ____________ and _______ and is __________ into trying to use ________________ instead of _______

A

Sulfanilamide, PABA, fooled, Sulfanilamide, PABA

54
Q

Sulfanilamide are referred to as ____________

A

Antimetabolites

55
Q

What are Antimetabolites?

A

They act against substances required for the metabolism of an organism

56
Q

Since the host cell uses ________________________, it does not require ______ and is therefore not affected by the PABA antagonist, _____________

A

Preformed folic acid, PABA Sulfanilamide

57
Q

“It was thought that if differences could be found, then chemicals could be designed to interfere with a reaction going on specifically in the microbe.” Studies of this type led to the the development of several drugs for the treatment of what diseases?

A

Viral diseases including the HIV virus

Pharmacology (27 decks)

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