Lesson A1 - Pharmacology Flashcards
In ancient societies medicine men acted as…
Physicians + Priests
Medical practice was distorted by
Religion + Magic
Why did religion use to use intoxicating substances
To try and communicate to God
How did people use to try and communicate with God
Using intoxicating substances to by altering the state of consciousness
2 plants that use to be used to alter the state of consciousness to try and communicate with God and where were they from
- Psilocybe mushroom ( Mexico)
- Peyote cactus ( North America)
Psilocin comes from what plant and what was it used for
- Psilocybe mushroom
- Used to try and communicate with God in the past
What plant contains mescaline and where is it from and what was it’s purpose
- Peyote cactus ( North America)
- Used to try and communicate with God in the past by altering the state of consciousness
Who said the following quote “ all substances are poisons. There is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy”
- Paracelsus
- Swiss physician (16th century)
Who is Paracelsus
- Swiss physican in the 16th century
- He said “ all substances are poisons. There is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy”
What were the purpose of ordeal trials
Identify sorcerers
What are the 2 things that can happen in an ordeal trial
- People vomited → and didn’t die (were not classified as sorcerers)
- People who didn’t vomit → (they were classified as sorcerers)
What is an ordeal trial?
- People of the tribe gathered in a circle and was given poison from a traditional healer to see who were sorcerers (people who could be the cause of epidemics and bad harvest)
What is it called when people gather in a circle and are given poison (usually done in West and Central Africa and Madagascar)
Ordeal trials
What is this called
- People vomited → and didn’t die (were not classified as sorcerers)
- People who didn’t vomit → (they were classified as sorcerers)
ordeal trial
Many drugs are derived from __________
Poisons
A poison that treats glaucoma
Physostigmine
What is Physostigmine used to treat?
Glaucoma
Where is Physostigmine derived from?
Calabar bean
The Calabar bean is the plant used to make what drug? What does this drug treat?
- Physostigmine
- Treats glaucoma
Natives dipped arrows in _____
Curare (poison)
What drug caused animal paralysis+death
- Curare
- From natives who dipped their arrows in it
What does Curare cause?
Animal paralysis + death
Nerves dealing with skeletal muscles relieve what?
Acetylcholine
What is released from nerve endings
Acetylcholine
_______ combines with receptors causing the muscle to contract
Acetylcholine
What does Acetylcholine do and cause?
Combines with receptors causing the muscle to contract
How does Curare interfere with Acetylcholine?
Combines with receptors instead of the usual acetylcholine
What combines with receptors instead of the usual Acetylcholine?
Curare
_________ prevents _______ from combining with muscle which prevents ________
Curare, Acetylcholine, Muscle contraction
_______ valuable drug to a skilled anaesthetist
Curare
Curare is a valuable drug to a __________
Skilled anaesthetist
Curare is a ______ that a _________ can use
Poison, killed anaesthetist
Giving small doses of _______ to a patients causes their muscles to relax allowing the surgeon to do better work
Curare
What does small doses of curare allow
Causes patients muscles to relax which allows the surgeon to do better work
Drug that let’s a surgeon do better work
Curare
_______ is a fungus that grows on the ears of rye
Ergot
What is Ergot?
A fungus that grows on the ears of rye
Rye causes ________ which are ______ to humans
Alkaloids, toxic
Middle ages ______ was mixed with ______ and found it’s way into bread
Ergot, Rye
What happened when Ergot was mixed with Rye?
Terrible epidemics = 250 years ago = 20,000 died in one region in Russia
What are the 3 symptoms of ergot poisoning?
- Burning in the limbs (Holy Fire or Anthony’s fire)
- Constriction of blood flow (toes/limbs starved of blood supply = limbs become black = gradually died and fell off
- Mental frenzy/Hallucinations + Convulsions
Some compounds of ________ resemble ______
Ergot, LSD
LSD is based of what?
Structure of ergot alkaloids
What could the following symptoms be caused by? (toes/limbs starved of blood supply = limbs become black = gradually died and fell off
- Ergot Poisoning
- Constriction of blood flow
Holy fire or Anthony’s fire is caused from what?
Ergot Poisoning
What causes burning in the limbs?
Ergot Poisoning
What causes constriction of blood flow?
Ergot Poisoning
What causes Mental frenzy/Hallucinations + Convulsions?
Ergot Poisoning
Ergot Poisoning
Ergotamine
________used in the treatment of migraines
Ergotamine
__________ are caused by the pulsation of __________ which carry blood to the head
Migraines, Blood vessels
How does ergotamine work
- Constricts blood flow
- Constricts blood vessels which carry blood to the brain and reduce the amplitude of the pulsation of these blood vessels
Ergotamine _____(3 words)__________ and reduces the _________ of the _______ of these blood vessels
Constricts blood vessels, amplitude, pulsation
Medical specialty dealing with the care of all women’s reproductive tracts and their children during pregnancy (prenatal period), childbirth and the postnatal period.
Obstetrics
Obstetrics
Medical specialty dealing with the care of all women’s reproductive tracts and their children during pregnancy (prenatal period), childbirth and the postnatal period.
Ergonovine is used in what type of medicine
Obstetrics
___________ helps the uterus contract forcefully and helps stop bleeding
Ergonovine
What does Ergonovine do?
Helps the uterus contract forcefully and helps stop bleeding
Main use of Ergonovine
Arrest bleeding after childbirth
Ergonovine was used to _________ to speed up_________
contract the uterus, delivery
________ is no longer used to contract the uterus, speed up delivery and arrest bleeding after childbirth because it is too dangerous
Ergonovine
Why is Ergonovine no longer used
Too dangerous
Who classified drugs according to taste (Botanicals + Animal products) and what was the time period?
- 2700 BC
- Shen Nong
___________ classified drugs according to taste (Botanicals + Animal products) in 2700 BC
Shen Nong
In 2700 BC Shen Nong classified drugs according to ______ ( ________+_______)
Taste, Botanicals, Animal products
What was Ma Huang used for?
Fever, Cold, Influenza
_______ is classified as a medium drug and used to treat _______(3 things)______
- Ma Huang
- Fever, Cold, Influenza
What drug is isolated from Ma Huang? What is is used to treat?
Ephedrine, Asthma as a decongestant
Ephedrine is isolated from _______ and used to treat ________
Ma Huang, Asthma as a decongestant
Chinese traditional medicine still uses _________
Plants and animal products
Plants and animal products are used in what type of medicine?
Tradition Chinese Medicine
What type of medicine believed that milk from a mother that gave birth to a healthy child would heal a sick child
Early Egyptian Medicine
What would milk from a mother who gave birth to a healthy child do?
Heal a sick child
What does Early Egyptian medicine believe would heal a sick child
Milk from a mother who gave birth to a healthy child
Who is Ebers Papyrus?
Egyptian writing which was essentially a textbook of drug use for physicians
_____________ were Egyptian writings which were essentially a textbook of drug use for physicians
Ebers Papyrus
What type of drugs did the Egyptian writings, Ebers Papyrus contain?
Purgatives
_________ were contained in the Ebers Papyrus writing
Purgatives
________ drugs used to cause bowel movements
Purgatives
What are purgatives
Drugs used to cause bowel movements
Give 3 examples of purgatives
Caster oil, Figs, Senna
Caster oil, Figs, Senna are examples of _________
Purgatives
_______ containing products are still available today
Senna
What type of purgative is still used in product today = Caster oil, Figs or Senna
Senna
Where were Ordeal trials held?
West and Central Africa
Arrow poisons….. Where and who and what drug?
Amazon, Natives, Curare
Early Chinese medicine was practised by
Shen Nong
who is the Pupil of Aristole?
Theophrastus
Who is Theophrastus
Pupil of Aristole
Who wrote a textbook on therapeutics?
Theophrastus
Where is opium obtained from?
opium poppy (Papaver somniferium)
What is the Papaver somniferium
Opium poppy
How do you get opium
- Cut poppy bulb open
2. Fluid comes out and dried up = contains opium
Opium is found to contain ___ % morphine
10
How much morphine is in opium?
10
10% amount of morphine found in ______
Opium
Opium contains ___ % codeine
0.5%
0.5% amount of codeine found in ______
Opium
Opium contains _______ % of ______ and _______ % of _______
10%, Morphine, 0.5% codeine
What is the use of Codeine and what drug is it in
Pain relief, Tylenol 1
Tylenol 1 contains
Codeine
Morphine can ______ of very great ______
relieve pain, Intensity
What drugs only relieve mild to moderate pain?
Aspirin + Acetaminophen
Acetaminophen is a name for what brand name drug?
Tylenol
Tylenol also know as __________
Acetaminophen
What are Analgesics
Pain relieving drugs
Pain relieving drugs are called
Analgesics
_________ is the gold standard which other analgesics get compared to
Morphine
Morphine is the ____________ of _________ type medications
Gold standards, Analgesics
Morphine can be used to treat anxiety –> true or false?
True, however there are better drugs for this now
Morphine can be used to treat ________
Anxiety, however there are better drugs for this now
Morphine can be converted into ________
Heroine
________ can be converted into Heroine
Morphine
Drug with a high abuse risk and that is not used in therapeutics
Heroin
Drug that is only available in Canada for the treatment of terminally ill Cancer patients
Heroin
Debate going on over if _________ has an advantage over _________
Morphine, Heroin
How does Morphine work?
- Combines with receptors in the nervous system
2. These receptors are usually utilized by relieving chemicals produced in the NS
The Colchicum plant was introduced to treat what?
Gout
What plant was used to treat gout?
Colchicum plant
What chemical was extracted from the colchicine plant
colchicine (still used for gout)
What is a major problem today
People using too many drugs
Why is it dangerous to use too many drugs in a patient?
- Drugs can interact
- Create toxic effects
Who said “ Never used two drugs where one will do”
Maimonides = scholar
Maimonides = scholar said what?
” Never used two drugs where one will do”
Digitalis purpurea is also know as
Foxglove
Foxglove is also know as ___________
Digitalis purpurea
Who is William Withering
- Physician + Botanist
- Introduced Digitalis purpurea also know as Foxglove
What did William Withering introduced in 1785?
Digitalis purpurea also know as Foxglove
Where does the digitalis purpurea (foxglove) get it’s name from?
The flowers are purple + shaped like fingers
Who said “ Has power over the motion of the heart to a degree not yet observed in any other medicine.”
William Withering
What did William Withering say?
Talking about digitalis purpurea (foxglove)
- “ Has power over the motion of the heart to a degree not yet observed in any other medicine.”
What type of drugs are useful for patients with certain forms of heart disease?
Digitalis drugs
_________ type of drugs are for patients with certain forms of heart disease?
Digitalis drugs
How does the heart muscle work?
- Heart muscle is stretched by blood entering the heart → contracts forcefully → eject blood with great force
- Medications increase the performance of the heart
Certain heart conditions have a problem with what?
- Can’t expel blood with as much force → the flow of blood therefore is decreased through the small blood vessels
- Entering the heart → contracts forcefully → eject blood with great force
- Medications increase the performance of the heart
What medication do doctors use to treat certain heart conditions?
Digoxin (Lanoxin)
What is Nitroglycerin?
- Explosive material → used to make dynamite
- Treatment for → Angina pectoris
__________ is latin for “ Chocking in the chest”
Angina pectoris
___________ is an explosive material used to make dynamite and is used for the treatment of Angina pectoris
Nitroglycerin
What is the Latin word for “Chocking in the chest”
Angina pectoris
Who suggested to use Amyl Nitrite to treat angina pectoris (chocking in the chest)
Lauder Brunton
_____________ suggested to use ___________ to treat angina pectoris (chocking in the chest)
Lauder Brunton, Amyl Nitrite
What does a amyl nitrite do?
- Lower blood pressure (Animals + men)
- Effects were short –> longer acting form wanted
What did William Murrel do in 1879?
Showed that nitroglycerin caused similar effects to amyl nitrate but longer acting
What is the benefit of nitroglycerin over amyl nitrate
Longer acting
Who showed that nitroglycerin caused similar effects to amyl nitrate but longer acting and in what year?
William Murrel in 1879
What causes angina pectoris?
Not having enough oxygen available to the heart muscle
_____________ is when their is not enough oxygen available to the heat muscle
Angina pectoris
What does nitroglycerin do?
- Dilates (opens up) blood vessels in the heart + other places in the body
- Increases the supply of oxygen to the heart and decreases the oxygen requirements of the heart –> relieving pain
What dilates (opens up) blood vessels in the heart + other places in the body and therefore Increases the supply of oxygen to the heart and decreases the oxygen requirements of the heart –> relieving pain
Nitroglycerin
What is still the drug of choice for treating angina pectoris?
Nitroglycerin
Quinine is a constituent of the bark of the _______________ located in _________
Cinchona tree, South America
What is the active principle from the Cinchona bark?
Quinine
Quinine is the active principle from the ______________
Cinchona bark?
What was Quinine used to treat?
Malaria
Malaria was treated with ____________
Quinine (Active principle of the Cinchona bark)
What is a close relative of Quinine?
Quinidine
Quinidine is a close relative of __________
Quinine
What was Quinidine used to treat?
Treatment of certain heart rhythms
What is arrhythmias
Disorder of heart rhythm
_____________ is the disorder of heart rhythm
Arrhythmias
What year was Reserpine + Chlorpromazine introduced?
1953
The introduction of Reserpine + Chlorpromazine brought major changes in the treatment of ______________
Mental patients
Where and what did the Rauwolfia plant do?
India, Reduce tension + Anxiety + Lower blood pressure
In the 1950’s a swiss pharmaceutical company isolated the chemical from the ___________ plant and the chemical was ___________
Rauwolfia, Reserpine
What were the effects of Reserpine on Monkeys+dogs?
Turned originally fierce and aggressive ones into calm+tranquil within a few days
___________ turned originally fierce dogs and monkeys and aggressive ones into calm+tranquil within a few days
Reserpine
_________ allowed patients who were difficult to manage to return home and live at peace with their families
Reserpine
What drug was preferred over Reserpine for the management of mental illness?
Chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine was preferred over __________ for the management of mental illness?
Reserpine
Why is Chlorpromazine preferred over ____________
Reserpine, Because it is difficult to find the right dose of Reserpine
It is difficult to find the right dose of ____________
Reserpine
2 drugs that were introduced that had a socially beneficial effect
Reserpine, Chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine and Reserpine were 2 drugs that had a __________________________
Socially beneficial effect
In 1942 Albert Hofmann was responsible for for synthesizing what drug?
LSD
What does LSD stand for?
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
____________ is similar in chemical structure to ergotamine and ergonovine
LSD
LSD similar in chemical structure to ___________ and _____________
Ergotamine, Ergonovine
Who was the quote by and what did he ingest? “Last Friday, April 16, 1943, I was forced to stop my work in the laboratory in the middle of the afternoon and to go home, as I was seized by a peculiar restlessness associated with a sensation of mild dizziness. On arriving home, I lay down and sank into a kind of drunkenness which was not unpleasant and which was characterized by extreme activity of imagination.”
Albert Hofmann, LSD
Who is the father of chemotherapy? Where and when was he born?
Paul Ehrlich, Germany in 1854
Who designed complexes of arsenic and organic molecules (organoarsenicals) which selectively bound to parasites.
Paul Ehrlich ( Father of chemotherapy)
Paul Ehrlich designed complexes of arsenic and organic molecules (organoarsenicals) which selectively bound to parasites lead to what discovery? In what century?
Cure of syphilis in the early 20th century
Who’s studies lead to a cure of syphilis?
Paul Ehrlich
Who introduced sulfa drugs? When and where?
Gerard Domagk, 1930’s in Germany
The introduction of sulfa drugs in the 1930 lead to the first _________________ for the treatment of ___________________
Synthetic drugs, bacterial disease
The introduction of ____________ in the 1930 lead to the first synthetic drugs for the treatment of bacterial disease
Sulfa drugs
Who is Alexander Fleming?
Discovered the first antibiotic (penicillin) –> - St. Mary’s Hospital, London, 1929.
Who discovered the first antibiotic?
Alexander Fleming
What was the first antibiotic discovered?
Penicillin
What was the major use of Penicillin?
-Major use was in the therapy of disease caused by gram-positive bacteria
Who is Selman Waksman?
Discovered streptomycin in 1943
What was that discovery that was the turning point in the chemotherapy of tuberculosis and diseases caused by gram-negative bacteria
Streptomycin ( Discovered by Selman Waksman)
Who suggested and showed in the 1800 that nitrous oxide had the ability to prevent pain?
-Humphrey Davy (British scientist)
Nitrous oxide was also known as ____________ in the 1840’s
Laughing gas
Who gave demonstrations in the 1840’s nitrous oxide (laughing gas)
Colton (Chemist lecturer)
In a demonstration of laughing gas someone in the audience participated and tried to take it and started to fight someone and cut his leg open but didn’t feel any pain –> who was really impressed?
Wells (Dentist)
Who tried nitrous oxide in teeth extraction and found it really useful and said “ A new era in Tooth-Pulling)
Wells (Dentist)
_______ had similar properties to nitrous oxide
Ether
Who had a intense interest in Anaesthesia and practiced it on himself + animals?
Morton
What did Morton ask his professor while in medical school?
Requested approval to try ether in surgery
Where was the first operation under anaesthesia
Massachusetts General Hospital
Who said This is no humbug, I have seen something today that will go around the world.” and what was he referring to?
Professor of Morton, First operation under anaesthesia
Psilocybin, Psilocin, Mescaline, LSD are examples of what type of drug?
Hallucinogens
Morphine, Codeine, Heroin, Aspirin, Acetaminophen are examples of what type of drug?
Analgesics (Pain relieving drugs)
Digoxin, Nitroglycerin, Amyl Nitrire, Quinidine, Reserpine are examples of what type of drugs?
Cardiovascular
Organoarsenicals, sulfa, penicillin, streptomycin are examples of what type of drug?
Antimicrobial
Nitrous oxide and ether are examples of what type of drug?
Anaesthetics
Chlorpromazine, reserpine are drugs used in what?
Psychiatry
