Lesson A2 - DRUG ADVERTISING, DRUG TRIALS, AND PLACEBO EFFECTS Flashcards

1
Q

A considerable portion of the revenue required for the publication of medical journals is obtained from _________________

A

Pharmaceutical advertising

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2
Q

What are the 6 steps of advertising techniques?

A
  1. Catch audience attention
  2. Use celebrities or authorities to endorse products
  3. Fear
  4. Offering an easy solution to the problems
  5. Before-after technique
  6. Discredit drugs produced by other manufacturers and praise your own.
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3
Q

What step is this in the advertising techniques? Lincocin offers you a “leading edge” over penicillin in streptococcal infections

A
  • Catch audience attention

- Lincocin → later shown to have severe adverse effects → no longer used

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4
Q

What step is this in the advertising techniques? If the authorities chose it → it must be the drug of choice

A

Use celebrities or authorities to endorse products

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5
Q

What step is this in the advertising techniques? “ Every fourth menopausal women may develop osteoporosis OS Cal can help” → inflicting fear that these women may develop hunching over ect.

A

Fear

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6
Q

What step is this in the advertising techniques? “ Problem child or child with a problem?”

A
  • Offering an easy solution to the problems

- This type of advertising has been banned

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7
Q

What step is this in the advertising techniques? “ When osteoarthritis to interfere” → Shows unhappy women → and then shows the same women happy

A

Before-after technique

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8
Q

What step is this in the advertising techniques? “ This is no time to have to worry about your antihypertensive But the potential risks of diuretics could make it just the time for lopressor SR

A
  • Discredit drugs produced by other manufacturers and praise your own.
  • Implies beta blockers are a better choice (lopressor SR = beta blocker)
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9
Q

What are the two most common drugs used in hypertension (blood pressure)

A

Diuretics + Beta blockers

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10
Q

What drug introduced in 1938 ( Not many regulations) caused 100 deaths

A

sulfonamide –> turned out to be toxic

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11
Q

What was the drug introduced in 1962 that caused birth defects in pregnant women and what was it suppose to be used for

A

Thalidomide (sleeping tablet)

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12
Q

What was thalidomide used for and what did it cause?

A
  • Sleeping pill

- Caused birth defects when pregnant women took it

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13
Q

How were drug regulations further strengthened?

A

Drug company’s required to show evidence of both safety + efficacy (effectiveness)

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14
Q

What are the 3 steps that a pharmaceutical company has to undergo if they want to introduce a new drug?

A
    1. Submit proof of both the safety + efficacy of the drug in several animal species
    1. Detailed methodology for the proposed clinical trial in humans is required
    1. Submission carefully evaluated → If regulatory agency is satisfied → permission will be given to for an highly qualified investigator to initiate investigations in humans
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15
Q

How many phases are there in a clinical trial?

A

4

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16
Q

What does phase 1 entail in a clinical trial?

A

Study conducted on a limited number of healthy volunteers → absorption, distribution, elimination and adverse effects of the new drug is carefully studied

17
Q

What does phase 2 entail in a clinical trial?

A

Check if drug is effective → close attention is paid to the safety of the drug (proof of concept)

18
Q

What does phase 3 entail in a clinical trial?

A

Drug tested in a large number of people → usually 1,000 or more → safety + efficacy is tested → if found to be safe + effective → realeased for marketing and testing

19
Q

What does phase 4 entail in a clinical trial?

A

Risks that are delayed or less frequent than 1 in 1000 my be missed in phase 3 → drugs under surveillance after release for general use → postmarketing surveillance

20
Q

_________ is an inert substance which masquerades as a drug → derived from latin “ shall I please”

A

Placebo

21
Q

Why were placebos administered?

A

Because sometimes in the past some patients demanded therapy even when there wasn’t any available → therefore placebos were administered

22
Q

______________ are effects which occurs as a result of drug administration and have nothing to do with the pharmacological effects of the drug

A

Placebo effects

23
Q
  • Beecher 1955 → conducted one of the most comprehensive studies of placebo effects → roughly 1,000 people involved → Found satisfactory relief in ____% of patients
A

35%

24
Q

What conditions that have been found to be responsive to placebo?

A

asthma, hypertension, mental depression

25
Q

In placebo treatment people still report ___________

A

Adverse effects

26
Q

Who is the placebo effect greatest in

A
  • Greater in sick, anxious patients under stress than in normal volunteers
27
Q

The Placebo effect is greatest in volunteers and less likely in sick, anxious patients under stress

A

wrong, it is the opposite

28
Q

It is not ethical to compare a __________ to a __________ if there is an _____________ of proven value because individuals should not be deprived of ______________

A

New drug, placebo, older drug, effective therapy

29
Q

People must be assigned ___________ to different ___________ or a flaw can exist in a trial

A

Randomly, experimental groups

30
Q

What are 2 charasteristics of a Double-Blind Design

A
    1. Subjects should be unaware of whether they are receiving the new or old drug (or placebo)
    1. The clinical investigator should be unaware of whether the subjects is receiving the new drug or older drug (or placebo)
  • This procedure is necessary in order to eliminate bias → on the part of the subject and the investigator
31
Q

Valid clinical trials must be carried out in a ________________ manner in order to eliminate bias

A

double blind

32
Q

Method of comparison of new drug with an older drug (Or with placebo if there is no drug available)

A

Design of a phase 3 study (comparative efficacy trial)

33
Q

What is it called when we divide individuals into two groups randomly. Group A receives the new drug and group B receives the older drug (or placebo). Then you compare the effects of the treatment. You then do the exact same thing but group A gets the older drug ( or placebo) and Group B receives the new drug.

A

Cross-over design

34
Q

What is the type of trial that can be used in diseased states that are chronic and stable. Limited application ( not used very often)

A

Cross-Over Design

35
Q

What is it called when a subjects are divided into two groups and one group receives the new drug and the other group the placebo or established drug → Most phase 3 studies done like this

A

Parallel Design

36
Q

Why did the study of antihistamines for the common cold in 1948 prove to be effective and then in 1950 when done again they proved to be ineffective

A
  • 1948 there were no double blind procedures or randomization
  • 1950 there were double blind procedures and randomization of subject to treatment or placebo groups