LESSON 8: STONE WEATHERING

Question 1

stone buildings and monuments from the cultural centers of many of the world’s urban areas. frequently these areas are prone to high levels of atmospheric pollution that promote a variety of aggressive stone decay process. severe threat to much to our cultural heritage

Answer 1

stone decay

Question 2

a conservator or restorer needs to be able to identify the different types of stone deterioration or various physical manifestation of stone alteration and decay, measuring its extent, severity and rate

Answer 2

morphology (of stone deterioration)

Question 3

importance of morphology of stone deterioration

Answer 3

a.) diagnose possible causes and effects
b.) plan conservation strategies

Question 4

weathering

Answer 4

1. physical weathering
2. chemical weathering
3. biological weathering

Question 5

is the process that breaks rocks apart without changing their chemical composition and caused by factors such as thermal expansion and thermal compression, frost disintegration, salt crystallization, biogenic physical impact

Answer 5

physical weathering

Question 6

plants can grow in cracks; the pressure of a confined growing root can make cracks in the rocks larger, and as roots grow, they can break rocks apart.

Answer 6

biogenic physical impact

Question 7

changing temperature; temperature increases-rock (minerals) expands; decreases rocks (contracts)

Answer 7

thermal expansion and thermal compression

Question 8

repeated cycle of ice formation and ice melt in the pore spaces and fractures of rocks; water freezes, volume increases by about 10%

Answer 8

frost disintegration.

Question 9

groundwater moves into empty pores of rock by capillary action; water evaporates, salt crystals grow and accumulate, putting pressure on the rock; common in drier climates

Answer 9

salt crystallization

Question 10

plants can grow in cracks; the pressure of a confined growing root can make cracks in the rocks larger, and as roots grow they can break rocks apart

Answer 10

biogenic physical impact

Question 11

weakening and subsequent disintegration of rock by chemical reactions; also known as decomposition or decay, is the breakdown of rock by chemical reaction

Answer 11

chemical weathering

Question 12

the reaction of rock minerals with oxygen, changing the mineral composition of rocks

Answer 12

oxidation

Question 13

process of rock minerals reacting with carbonic acid; carbonic acid dissolves or breaks down minerals in the rock

Answer 13

carbonation

Question 14

chemical reaction caused by water changes the chemical composition and size of minerals in rock

Answer 14

hydrosis

Question 15

absorption of water into the mineral structure

Answer 15

hydration

Question 16

removal of water from rock or mineral structures

Answer 16

dehydration

Question 17

weakening and subsequent disintegration of rock by plants, animals, animals and microbes

Answer 17

biological weathering

Question 18

growing plant roots can exert stress or pressure on rock. although the process is physical, the pressure is exerted by a biological process

Answer 18

plant roots

Question 19

move rock and fragments to the surface, exposing the rock to more intense chemical, physical, and biological process. many animals such as piddock shells, bore into rocks for protection

Answer 19

burrowing animals

Question 20

breaks down rock minerals by altering the rock’s chemical composition, thus making it more susceptible to weathering

Answer 20

microbial activity

Question 21

chemical weathering

Answer 21

1. oxidation
2. carbonation
3. hydrosis
4. hydration
5. dehydration

Question 22

biological weathering

Answer 22

1. plant roots
2. burrowing animals
3. microbial activity