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Biol 203 > Lesson 8: Minerals > Flashcards

Lesson 8: Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Where do minerals come from? Can we synthesize minerals?

A

Minerals come from the earth. No living organism can synthesize minerals.

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2
Q

What are the 7 major minerals?

A 
Sodium
Magnesium
Potassium
Calcium
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
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3
Q

What are the 8 trace minerals?

A 
Fluorine
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Copper
Zinc
Selenium
Iodine
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4
Q

What % of the elements on earth are required by the human body?

A

25%

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5
Q

Which is the most abundant trace mineral?

A

Iron

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6
Q

What do we call the fluid within cells?

A

Intracellular fluid

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7
Q

What is the intracellular fluid usually rich in?

A

Potassium and phosphate

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8
Q

What do we call the fluid that is outside of a cell?

A

Extracellular fluid

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9
Q

What do we call the fluid between cells?

A

Interstitial/Intercellular fluid

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10
Q

What is interstitial fluid rich in?

A

Sodium chloride

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11
Q

Where is intravascular fluid found?

A

inside blood vessels

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12
Q

What is our principle source of minerals?

A

Food

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13
Q

What is the difference between hard water and soft water?

A

Hard water has a high concentration of calcium and magnesium. It can taste and smell unpleasant. Soft water is treated with sodium or potassium. Soft water can help extend the life of plumbing and washing machines.

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14
Q

What does the bioavailability of minerals depend on?

A

Your body’s physiological need for it at the time of consumption. Mostly dictated by gender, age and diet.

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15
Q

What can affect bioavailability?

A

Source of minerals
Combination of foods you eat
Presence of other minerals due to their chemical nature

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16
Q

What are binding factors?

A

Compounds that bind to minerals, preventing their absorption

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17
Q

Plants contain compounds called ______ and _______ that can combine with minerals in the small intestine and make them unavailable for absorption.

A

Phytates

Oxylates

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18
Q

What is calcium stored in bones as?

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals

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19
Q

Where does it form?

A

On the foundation of collagen

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20
Q

What does calcium in bones also act as?

A

a reservoir for when blood calcium levels drop

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21
Q

Calcium contributes to __________ and ___________.

A

bone health and neural communication

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22
Q

Where is <1% of blood calcium found?

A

In the intravascular and interstitial compartments

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23
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

the space between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic cells

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24
Q

What happens in the synaptic cleft as the electrical signal travels toward the end of the presynaptic neuron?

A

tiny protein channels embedded in the plasma membrane open up

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25
Q

What happens as the tiny protein channels open?

A

Calcium floods into the presynaptic neuron

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26
Q

Once inside the presynaptic neuron, what happens?

A

the calcium allows the tiny vesicles carrying neurotransmitters to spill into the synaptic cleft.

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27
Q

Once in the synaptic cleft, what happens?

A

an electrical signal is generated and runs down the next neuron

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28
Q

What happens to neurotransmitters without calcium?

A

the neurotransmitters are not released and neurons fail to communicate

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29
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Degrade bone tissue to release calcium (breakdown bone during growth)

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30
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

build bone tissue (build new bone during growth)

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31
Q

What is the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts regulated by?

A

The thyroid and parathyroid glands

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32
Q

Which gland is butterfly shaped and wraps itself around the trachea?

A

Thyroid gland

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33
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

Helps regulate blood calcium levels by controlling activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

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34
Q

Which gland is composed of 4 smaller glands located behind the thyroid gland?

A

Parathyroid gland

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35
Q

What does the parathyroid gland do?

A

Synthesizes hormones that are released into the blood. & Helps regulate blood calcium levels by controlling activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

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36
Q

When calcium blood levels fall, how does the parathyroid gland produce and secrete PTH?

A

PTH stimulated by activation of vitamin D in kidneys.
PTH-Vitamin D duo increase calcium reabsorption in kidneys
Vitamin D travels to the small intestine and increases bioavailability of calcium
PTH-Vitamin D duo stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone

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37
Q

Which food has the highest bioavailability for calcium?

A

a single serving of milk

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38
Q

Where does calcium go after being absorbed from the small intestine?

A

Enters the circulatory system

39
Q

What happens if blood calcium levels are low?

A

The PTH/Vitamin D complex force kidney to reabsorb calcium out of the urine

40
Q

What is another nutrient that can alter calcium homeostasis?

A

Sodium. Excess sodium intake forces kidneys to increase urine production in an effort to eliminate excess sodium and calcium is also lost.

41
Q

What is peak bone mass?

A

highest attainable bone density achieved in the first 3 decades of an individual’s life

42
Q

Regardless of gender, when does bone density begin to drop?

A

after age 30

43
Q

____________ is a hormone that decreases osteoclast activity?

A

Estrogen

44
Q

What happens after menopause?

A

Increased osteoclast activity

45
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

disease of severely low bone density

46
Q

What are 2 ways to minimize osteoporosis?

A

Maximize peak bone mass in early adulthood
Resistance exercise well into older age to put osteoblasts to work
Meet the RDA for calcium

47
Q

What percentage of phosphorus is stored in bones?

A

85%

48
Q

What percentage of phosphorus is found in the intracellular fluid compartments?

A

15%

49
Q

Why is it nearly impossible to be deficient in phosphorus?

A

It’s in nearly everything we eat.

50
Q

What can happen if you consume too much calcium and too much phosphorus?

A

It can cause calcium to leech out of teeth causing severe tooth decay

51
Q

Where is 50% of magnesium found? What does it influence?

A

In bones. It influences the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals.

52
Q

Mg in plants is found associated with what?

A

The green pigment chlorophyll

53
Q

What roles does sodium play?

A

Fluid balance

Neural communication

54
Q

Where is most of the sodium in the body found?

A

in intravascular and interstitial compartments

55
Q

How does sodium aid in neural communication?

A

When neurotransmitters bind to ion channels on postsynaptic membrane, sodium floods into the postsynaptic cell. The influx of sodium allows nerve impulses to be propagated.

56
Q

Sodium is crucial in controlling volume of the extracellular fluid compartments because where ions go, ________.

A

Water flows

57
Q

What is high sodium intake associated with?

A

Hypertension

58
Q

What is hypertension?

A

chronically elevated blood pressure and CVD

59
Q

What is high blood pressure a sign of?

A

That the heart & blood vessels are being overworked

60
Q

What happens if someone has persistently high blood pressure?

A

It places greater stress on heart to pump blood through stiff arteries
Muscle tissue of enlarged heart is very thick (heart overworking)
Enlarged heart is not desirable and can lead to heart failure

61
Q

What is the UL for sodium?

A

2300 mg/day

62
Q

What is the AI for sodium?

A

1500 mg/day

63
Q

How many mg per day do most Canadians and Americans consume?

A

3400 mg/day

64
Q

What is potassium crucial for?

A

Fluid Balance and Neural Communication

65
Q

Is potassium found in a large variety of foods?

A

Yes

66
Q

What is potassium associated with?

A

Lowering blood pressure

67
Q

What is a natural way to counteract high sodium intake?

A

Consume food naturally high in potassium and low in sodium, like fruits

68
Q

Oxygen enters inside RBCs and binds to iron. What happens to oxygen without iron?

A

It has nowhere to bind

69
Q

Epithelial cells of the small intestine produce an iron-storage protein that binds to iron, preventing it from entering into the bloodstream. What is this protein called?

A

Ferritin

70
Q

Is iron bound to ferritin available or unavailable for absorption?

A

Unavailable

71
Q

What happens during a state of iron abundance?

A

Large amounts of ferritin are made that bind to iron in epithelial cells, preventing it from entering blood capillaries.

72
Q

What happens during a state of iron deficiency?

A

low amounts of ferritin are synthesized
Absence of ferritin allows iron to be absorbed into epithelial cells, exit from the other end and enter in the blood capillaries

73
Q

What does the bioavailability of iron depend on?

A

the bodys physiological need for it and the source of iron consumed (being heme or nonheme)

74
Q

Which foods contain heme iron (but also nonheme iron)?

A

Animal food sources

75
Q

Which foods only contain nonheme iron?

A

Plants

76
Q

Which is better absorbed? Heme or nonheme?

A

Nonheme accounts for 90% of the daily intake, but heme, which accounts for 10% is BETTER absorbed than nonheme.

77
Q

What is iron-deficient anemia?

A

severe depletion of iron stores that results in low hemoglobin concentration and small, pale red blood cells

78
Q

What do we call anemia that impairs hemoglobin synthesis?

A

microcytic

79
Q

What are high-risk groups for iron-deficient anemia?

A

Women (menstrual blood loss)
pregnant women
growing infants
children and teens

80
Q

Upon absorption, where does almost all iodide end up?

A

In the thyroid gland

81
Q

What is iodide’s singular function?

A

the synthesis of thyroid hormones

82
Q

What is the world’s major source of iodide?

A

The ocean

83
Q

Where is a rich supply of iodide found?

A

In soils that were once submerged by ancient seas

84
Q

What is iodide deficiency the leading cause of globally?

A

Mental impairment

85
Q

What is Goiter?

A

deficiency disease of iodide resulting from an enlarged thyroid gland

86
Q

What is Cretinism?

A

Deficiency disease affecting the developing fetus of pregnant women. There is impaired fetal development, stunted growth and physical and mental abnormalities

87
Q

What does chromium do?

A

It enhances the ability of insulin to take glucose into your cells

88
Q

What are the many functions of zinc?

A 
Energy Metabolism
 Amino acid metabolism
DNA metabolism 
Antioxidant function
Heme synthesis 
Growth and Development
Required as a cofactor by >100 enzymes
89
Q

What does a deficiency in zinc cause?

A

Severely impairs growth and development

90
Q

Zinc, Copper and Selenium all have ________ function.

A

Antioxidant

91
Q

Which mineral is very rich in Brazilian nuts and acts as an antioxidant?

A

Selenium

92
Q

Where does fluoride get deposited?

A

in hydroxyapatite crystal in teeth to form fluorapatite

93
Q

What does fluoridated water do?

A

decreases rates of tooth decay by promoting formation of fluorapatite

94
Q

What is a symptom of fluoride toxicity?

A

fluorosis (motheling of teeth)

Biol 203 (11 decks)

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