Lesson 4: Carbohydrates Flashcards
What is a byproduct of photosynthesis?
Oxygen
What do we call a unit that measures heat energy?
Calorie
What do we call heat energy to raise 1g of water 1 degree Celsius?
calorie
What do we call the heat energy to raise 1000g of water 1 degree Celsius?
Kilocalorie or Big Calorie
Which measure do we use for calories in food?
Kilocalories
Which measure do we use for the energy content of food?
Calories
How much energy do we get per gram of fat?
9kcal per gram
How much energy do we get per gram of carbohydrates?
4kcal per gram
How much energy do we get per gram of protein?
4kcal per gram
How much energy do we get per gram of alcohol?
7kcal per gram
What do we call an insulated container enclosing a steal vault filled with water that can measure energy content of food?
Bomb Calorimeter
What does direct calorimetry measure?
The amount of heat released
What does indirect calorimetry measure?
The amount of oxygen consumed
Why does the bomb calorimeter overstate the amount of energy that the human body derives from foods?
The body is less efficient than a calorimeter and cannot metabolize all the energy-yielding nutrients in a food completely.
Glucose, Fructose and Galactose are all __________.
Monosaccharides
Which monosaccharide is the dominant sugar in our bodies and is also called the “blood sugar”?
Glucose
Which monosaccharide tastes the sweetest and is also the “fruit sugar”?
Fructose
Which monosaccharide could we barely detect in terms of sweetness and is found in milk?
Galactose
Lactose, Sucrose and Maltose are all ____________.
Disaccharides
What is Lactose composed of?
Glucose + Galactose
What is Sucrose composed of?
Glucose + Fructose
What is Maltose composed of?
Glucose + Glucose
What is the AI for potassium?
4700 mg/day
Which sugar is not present in the food we eat?
Maltose
What do we call synthetic compounds that are intensely sweet tasting but supply no energy per serving?
Non-nutritive sweeteners
What are some examples of non-nutritive sweeteners?
Sweet N Low
Splenda
Stevia
Equal
Sorbitol, Xylitol and Mannitol are all_________.
Sugar alcohols
What is the storage form of glucose in plants?
Starch
What is the storage form of glucose in the body?
Glycogen
What are the two types of fiber?
Insoluble Fiber & Soluble Fiber
What are the two different types of starch?
Amylopectin
Amylose
Which starch is branched and is quickly digested to glucose? Because of this, blood sugar levels rise fast.
Amylopectin
Which starch is a single linear thread (unbranched) and is slowly digested to glucose? Because of this, blood sugar levels rise slowly.
Amylose
After we break down starch and absorb glucose, where does the glucose travel?
To the liver
In what form is glucose stored in the liver?
As glycogen
What are the 2 places that glycogen is stored?
Liver
Muscle cells
What happens to excess glucose?
It is converted to fat and stored in adipose tissue
How is fiber used for the plant’s reinforcement?
Plants require sophisticated reinforcement since they lack a skeletal system that they can use to stand up right. The ability for plants to stand up against the forces of gravity and orient its leaves in direction of the sun is because of fiber.
Which fiber dissolves in water, are fermented by bacteria in the large intestine and forms viscous gels?
Soluble Fiber
What are the benefits of soluble fiber?
Promote bowel health
Reduce risk of CVD and type 2 diabetes & colon cancer
Slow glucose uptake
Trap cholesterol and carry it to large intestine for elimination
Which fiber does not dissolve in water, does not form viscous gels and is not fermented in the large intestine?
Insoluble Fiber
What are the benefits of insoluble fiber?
Promote bowel movement
Adds bulk to the stool
Prevent diverticula
What are diverticula?
Sacs or pouches that develop in the weakened areas of the intestinal wall from years of forced bowel movement
Where does digestion of starch begin? With which enzyme?
In the oral cavity with salivary amylase
Which enzymes aid in digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine?
Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase and Pancreatic Amylase
How does salivary amylase inactivate in the small intestine?
The swallowed bolus mixes with protein-digesting enzymes, which inactivate the salivary amylase.
What are available carbohydrates?
Starches and sugars because human digestive enzymes break them down for the body’s use.
What are unavailable carbohydrates?
Fibers because human digestive enzymes cannot break their bonds.
Which is the organ that is always the first recipient of absorbed nutrients?
The liver
What do we call short chains of glucose units that result from the breakdown of starch?
Dextrins
Where does most of nutrient absorption take place?
In the small intestine
What is lactose intolerance?
Inability to digest lactose completely
Gas, diarrhea and abdominal discomfort are all symptoms of ____________.
Lactose intolerance
What is the name of a lactase enzyme supplement?
Lactaid
What could develop when the intestinal villi are damaged by disease, certain medicines, prolonged diarrhea or malnutrition?
Lactase deficiency
What is hyperglycaemia?
High blood sugar levels
What do liver cells do when they detect the presence of glucagon in the blood?
They respond by breaking down glycogen to release glucose into the blood so that blood glucose levels are restored.
Blood glucose homeostasis is regulated primarily by two hormones. What are they?
Insulin and Glucagon
What does insulin do?
Helps to remove glucose from the blood and into some tissue
Beta cells in pancreas secrete it in response to high glucose
What does glucagon do?
Brings glucose out of storage in the liver when necessary
Alpha cells of pancreas secrete it in response to low glucose
What is another hormone that signals the liver to release glucose during fight or flight mode?
Epinephrine
What two conditions can occur if blood glucose regulation fails?
Diabetes
Hypoglycaemia
What is “the inability to maintain blood-glucose homeostasis”?
Diabetes
What is Type 1 Diabetes?
Autoimmune disease in which cells in the pancreas that synthesize insulin are destroyed
What is the treatment for Type 1 Diabetes?
Daily injections and eating nutritious meals at specific times of the day to control blood glucose levels
What is Type 2 Diabetes?
Diet related chronic disease caused by high sugar in the diet, that occurs when cells become resistant or less responsive to insulin
What is the best prevention for Type 2 Diabetes?
Maintaining a healthy body weight
What is gestational diabetes?
Diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and can be caused by a poor diet.
What is hypoglycaemia?
A consequence of a poorly managed diet in which blood glucose drops below normal levels.
What are some symptoms of hypoglycaemia?
Weakness Rapid heartbeat Sweating Anxiety Hunger Trembling
What is the recommended dietary fiber intake?
14 g per 1000kcal
