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Biol 203 > Lesson 4: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Lesson 4: Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What is a byproduct of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen

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2
Q

What do we call a unit that measures heat energy?

A

Calorie

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3
Q

What do we call heat energy to raise 1g of water 1 degree Celsius?

A

calorie

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4
Q

What do we call the heat energy to raise 1000g of water 1 degree Celsius?

A

Kilocalorie or Big Calorie

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5
Q

Which measure do we use for calories in food?

A

Kilocalories

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6
Q

Which measure do we use for the energy content of food?

A

Calories

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7
Q

How much energy do we get per gram of fat?

A

9kcal per gram

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8
Q

How much energy do we get per gram of carbohydrates?

A

4kcal per gram

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9
Q

How much energy do we get per gram of protein?

A

4kcal per gram

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10
Q

How much energy do we get per gram of alcohol?

A

7kcal per gram

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11
Q

What do we call an insulated container enclosing a steal vault filled with water that can measure energy content of food?

A

Bomb Calorimeter

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12
Q

What does direct calorimetry measure?

A

The amount of heat released

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13
Q

What does indirect calorimetry measure?

A

The amount of oxygen consumed

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14
Q

Why does the bomb calorimeter overstate the amount of energy that the human body derives from foods?

A

The body is less efficient than a calorimeter and cannot metabolize all the energy-yielding nutrients in a food completely.

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15
Q

Glucose, Fructose and Galactose are all __________.

A

Monosaccharides

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16
Q

Which monosaccharide is the dominant sugar in our bodies and is also called the “blood sugar”?

A

Glucose

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17
Q

Which monosaccharide tastes the sweetest and is also the “fruit sugar”?

A

Fructose

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18
Q

Which monosaccharide could we barely detect in terms of sweetness and is found in milk?

A

Galactose

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19
Q

Lactose, Sucrose and Maltose are all ____________.

A

Disaccharides

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20
Q

What is Lactose composed of?

A

Glucose + Galactose

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21
Q

What is Sucrose composed of?

A

Glucose + Fructose

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22
Q

What is Maltose composed of?

A

Glucose + Glucose

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23
Q

What is the AI for potassium?

A

4700 mg/day

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24
Q

Which sugar is not present in the food we eat?

A

Maltose

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25
Q

What do we call synthetic compounds that are intensely sweet tasting but supply no energy per serving?

A

Non-nutritive sweeteners

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26
Q

What are some examples of non-nutritive sweeteners?

A

Sweet N Low
Splenda
Stevia
Equal

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27
Q

Sorbitol, Xylitol and Mannitol are all_________.

A

Sugar alcohols

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28
Q

What is the storage form of glucose in plants?

A

Starch

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29
Q

What is the storage form of glucose in the body?

A

Glycogen

30
Q

What are the two types of fiber?

A

Insoluble Fiber & Soluble Fiber

31
Q

What are the two different types of starch?

A

Amylopectin

Amylose

32
Q

Which starch is branched and is quickly digested to glucose? Because of this, blood sugar levels rise fast.

A

Amylopectin

33
Q

Which starch is a single linear thread (unbranched) and is slowly digested to glucose? Because of this, blood sugar levels rise slowly.

A

Amylose

34
Q

After we break down starch and absorb glucose, where does the glucose travel?

A

To the liver

35
Q

In what form is glucose stored in the liver?

A

As glycogen

36
Q

What are the 2 places that glycogen is stored?

A

Liver

Muscle cells

37
Q

What happens to excess glucose?

A

It is converted to fat and stored in adipose tissue

38
Q

How is fiber used for the plant’s reinforcement?

A

Plants require sophisticated reinforcement since they lack a skeletal system that they can use to stand up right. The ability for plants to stand up against the forces of gravity and orient its leaves in direction of the sun is because of fiber.

39
Q

Which fiber dissolves in water, are fermented by bacteria in the large intestine and forms viscous gels?

A

Soluble Fiber

40
Q

What are the benefits of soluble fiber?

A

Promote bowel health
Reduce risk of CVD and type 2 diabetes & colon cancer
Slow glucose uptake
Trap cholesterol and carry it to large intestine for elimination

41
Q

Which fiber does not dissolve in water, does not form viscous gels and is not fermented in the large intestine?

A

Insoluble Fiber

42
Q

What are the benefits of insoluble fiber?

A

Promote bowel movement
Adds bulk to the stool
Prevent diverticula

43
Q

What are diverticula?

A

Sacs or pouches that develop in the weakened areas of the intestinal wall from years of forced bowel movement

44
Q

Where does digestion of starch begin? With which enzyme?

A

In the oral cavity with salivary amylase

45
Q

Which enzymes aid in digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine?

A

Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase and Pancreatic Amylase

46
Q

How does salivary amylase inactivate in the small intestine?

A

The swallowed bolus mixes with protein-digesting enzymes, which inactivate the salivary amylase.

47
Q

What are available carbohydrates?

A

Starches and sugars because human digestive enzymes break them down for the body’s use.

48
Q

What are unavailable carbohydrates?

A

Fibers because human digestive enzymes cannot break their bonds.

49
Q

Which is the organ that is always the first recipient of absorbed nutrients?

A

The liver

50
Q

What do we call short chains of glucose units that result from the breakdown of starch?

A

Dextrins

51
Q

Where does most of nutrient absorption take place?

A

In the small intestine

52
Q

What is lactose intolerance?

A

Inability to digest lactose completely

53
Q

Gas, diarrhea and abdominal discomfort are all symptoms of ____________.

A

Lactose intolerance

54
Q

What is the name of a lactase enzyme supplement?

A

Lactaid

55
Q

What could develop when the intestinal villi are damaged by disease, certain medicines, prolonged diarrhea or malnutrition?

A

Lactase deficiency

56
Q

What is hyperglycaemia?

A

High blood sugar levels

57
Q

What do liver cells do when they detect the presence of glucagon in the blood?

A

They respond by breaking down glycogen to release glucose into the blood so that blood glucose levels are restored.

58
Q

Blood glucose homeostasis is regulated primarily by two hormones. What are they?

A

Insulin and Glucagon

59
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Helps to remove glucose from the blood and into some tissue

Beta cells in pancreas secrete it in response to high glucose

60
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Brings glucose out of storage in the liver when necessary

Alpha cells of pancreas secrete it in response to low glucose

61
Q

What is another hormone that signals the liver to release glucose during fight or flight mode?

A

Epinephrine

62
Q

What two conditions can occur if blood glucose regulation fails?

A

Diabetes

Hypoglycaemia

63
Q

What is “the inability to maintain blood-glucose homeostasis”?

A

Diabetes

64
Q

What is Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Autoimmune disease in which cells in the pancreas that synthesize insulin are destroyed

65
Q

What is the treatment for Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Daily injections and eating nutritious meals at specific times of the day to control blood glucose levels

66
Q

What is Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Diet related chronic disease caused by high sugar in the diet, that occurs when cells become resistant or less responsive to insulin

67
Q

What is the best prevention for Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Maintaining a healthy body weight

68
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

Diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and can be caused by a poor diet.

69
Q

What is hypoglycaemia?

A

A consequence of a poorly managed diet in which blood glucose drops below normal levels.

70
Q

What are some symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

A 
Weakness
Rapid heartbeat
Sweating
Anxiety
Hunger
Trembling
71
Q

What is the recommended dietary fiber intake?

A

14 g per 1000kcal

Biol 203 (11 decks)

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