Lesson 3: Basic Chemistry and Organ Systems Flashcards
_________% of the elements on the periodic table of elements are essential for life.
25%
What do we call anything that takes up space?
Matter
What do we call the smallest unit of matter?
Atom
How many elements does the planet earth have?
92 elements
What do we call atoms that come together to form chemical bonds in an ordered and stabled arrangement?
Molecule
What do we call a molecule that has two or more different elements?
Compound
What is the Chemistry Golden Rule #1?
An atom’s quest is to have fully occupied valence shells.
What do we call the sharing of electrons?
Covalent Bond
What do we call the transfer of electrons?
Ionic Bond
Which bond is stronger: Ionic or Covalent?
Covalent
What do we call a homogenous mixture of two or more compounds?
Solution
What is the name of the solution that has:
55% plasma (liquid portion of blood)
Less than 1% leukocytes (platelets & white blood cells)
45% erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Centrifuged blood
Which is the tiniest of blood vessels?
The blood capillary
What is electronegativity?
An atom’s attraction for the electrons in a chemical bond
What is Chemistry Golden Rule #2?
The oxygen atom is very electronegative. In an oxygen-hydrogen bond, the shared electrons spend more time orbiting the oxygen atom.
What do we call molecules with partial charges created by electronegative atoms?
Polar molecules
Is glucose a polar molecule? Can it dissolve in water?
Yes
Are proteins a polar molecule? Can they dissolve in water?
Yes
Are fats a polar molecule? Can they dissolve in water?
No
Does starch dissolve in water? Why or why not?
No it doesn’t. The reason is because plants pack starch into tight dense granules. To help the starch dissolve, you have to gently unravel the dense granules
What do we call the temperature where starch becomes an amorphous network of starch and water intermingled ?
Gelation temperature
What are enzymes? Can they easily change shape?
Proteins that have a specific 3D structure that allow only certain compounds to bond. Since 3D shape is result of hydrogen bonds, we can easily change any enzyme’s shape.
What is crucial to activating enzymes to facilitate digestion?
pH
What is the pH of the saliva in the mouth?
6.4
What is the pH of the stomach?
1.0
What is the pH of the small intestine?
8.0
What is pH?
A measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)
What happens to milk once a squeeze of lemon juice is added? Has the milk gone bad?
The milk instantly curdles. The increase in hydrogen ions causes the neatly packed bundles of casein proteins to fall apart. The individual casein proteins then become curdles that you can scoop up with a spoon. The milk hasn’t gone bad, it has just changed shape.
What do we call the body’s ingenious way of breaking down foods into nutrients in preparation forabsorption?
Digestion
What do we call the set of organs that work cooperatively to digest food and deliver nutrients to your cells?
Digestive System
What are the 4 types of tissues?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Neural
What do we call the flexible muscular tube that extends from the mouth, through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum to the anus?
The Gastrointestinal Tract (GI Tract)
What is the lumen?
The inner space within GI tract that is continuous from one end to another.
Where does the process of digestion begin?
In the mouth
What are the four basic taste sensations that the tastebuds detect when stimulated?
Sweet
Sour
Bitter
Salty
What do we call the passageway leading from the nose and mouth to the larynx and esophagus?
Pharynx
What do we call a mouthful of food after it has been chewed and swallowed?
Bolus
What is the cartilage in the throat that guards the entrance to the trachea and prevents fluid or food from entering it when a person swallows (protects airways)?
Epiglottis
What is the “food pipe” which has a sphincter muscle at each end, one of which is called the cardiac sphincter, due to it’s proximity to the heart?
Esophagus
Which organ churns, grinds and mixes food with acid and enzymes to form chyme?
Stomach
After grinding food to chyme, where does the stomach release chyme? Through which sphincter muscle?
Releases it into the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter.
What is the major site of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients?
Small Intestine
What are the 3 segments of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Which organ reabsorbs water and minerals and passes waste along with water to the rectum?
Large Intestine
What is the muscular terminal part of the intestine, extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus?
Rectum
What is the terminal outlet of the GI tract?
Anus
What are the 4 accessory organs of the digestive system?
Salivary Glands
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
Liver
What are the substances released from the digestive tract that facilitate digestion?
Enzymes for digestion
Hormones for communication
Mucus to ease passage and protection from irritating substances
What are the 3 functions of the digestive system?
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
What do we call the circular folds along the lumen that have these tiny finger-like projections?
Villi
What do microvilli do?
Works to maximize the surface area so nutrients can be maximally and quickly absorbed
What is peristalsis?
Wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that propel its contents along
What are the 3 sets of muscles that the stomach has?
Circular
Longitudinal
Diagonal
What do we call the contraction of circular muscles in the muscles of the intestines?
Segmentation
The breakdown of food into nutrients requires secretions from five different organs. What are they?
Salivary Glands Stomach Pancreas Liver Small Intestine
What do we call a protein that facilitates a chemical reaction—making a molecule, breaking a molecule apart, changing the arrangement of a molecule, or exchanging parts of molecules?
Enzyme
What do we call a chemical reaction in which one molecule is split into two molecules with a hydrogen atom (H) added to one and a hydroxyl group (OH) to the other (from water, H2O) - basically the addition of water to break a molecule into smaller pieces?
Hydrolysis
What are proteins found in digestive juices that act on food substances, causing them to break down into simpler compounds?
Digestive Enzymes
Give 3 examples of digestive enzymes.
Carbohydrase
Lipase
Protease
What is gastric juice?
A mixture of water, enzymes & hydrochloric acid, which acts primarily in protein digestion
What is the pH of gastric juice?
~ 2
What does the pancreatic juice contain?
Enzymes Sodium Bicarbonate (to neutralize the stomach's acidity)
Where is pancreatic juice released?
Into the duodenum
What is the name of an emulsifier that prepares fats and oils for digestion; an exocrine secretion made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine when needed?
Bile
Where is bile made?
In the liver
Where is bile stored?
In the gallbladder
Where is bile released?
In the small intestine
Where does most absorption take place?
In small intestine
What do we call the transfer of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph vessels?
Absorption
Which set of vessels do fat enter?
The lymph vessels
Where do the lymph vessels carry lipids?
To the left subclavian vein
Where are nutrients absorbed from all over the intestines delivered?
To the liver via the hepatic portal vein
What is the closed system of vessels through which blood flows continuously, with heart serving as pump?
Vascular system
What route does the blood travel?
Heart → arteries → capillaries → veins → heart
How does blood leave the digestive system?
Through the hepatic portal vein which directs blood to the liver
Which blood vessels branch out into millions of tiny blood capillaries?
Arterioles
What is the site of nutrient exchange between blood and cells of the body?
Capillaries
What is the body’s most metabolically active organ?
Liver
Does the lymphatic system have a pump?
No
Where is much of the lymph collected?
In the thoracic duct behind the heart
What do we call the lymphatic vessels of the intestine that take up nutrients and pass them to the lymph circulation ?
Lacteals
What do we call the process by which solid waste is removed from the body through the large intestine?
Elimination
About how many species of bacteria reside in the large intestine?
~400
What do probiotic foods contain?
Live bacteria cultures that thrive in colon
What is a prebiotic food rich in?
Typically fiber rich and becomes food for your bacterial denosines
What does the prevalence of bacteria in GI tract depend upon?
pH and peristalsis (few organisms can survive low pH & fast peristalsis)
Diet
Other microorganisms
What do we call the bacteria in the intestines?
Flora
What do probiotics do?
Change the conditions and native bacterial colonies in the GI tract in ways that benefit health.
What are some potential health benefits of probiotics?
Helping to alleviate diarrhea, constipation, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcers, allergies, lactose intolerance, and infant colic
Enhance immune function
Protect against colon cancer.
What do prebiotics do?
Encourage the growth and activity of bacteria.
Which vitamins are produced by bacteria?
Biotin Folate Pantothenic acid Riboflavin Thiamin Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 Vitamin K
What do we call a food that contains a mixture of probiotics and prebiotic?
A synbiotic
