Lesson 8: Bacterial Metabolism Flashcards
is the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organisms.
metabolism
Metabolism is divided into two types of chemical reactions
catabolic reaction and anabolic reaction
enzyme-regulated chemical process that releases energy whereby complex organic compound are breakdown into simpler ones.
catabolism or catabolic reaction
is an enzyme-regulated chemical process that requires energy to build complex organic molecules from simpler ones
anabolism or anabolic reaction
this reaction mainly uses (hydrolytic reaction) to break chemical compounds and produce more energy that they consume (exergonic)
catabolism or catabolic reactions
this reaction mainly uses water (dehydration synthesis reaction) and consume more that they produce (endergonic)
anabolism or anabolic reaction
the formation or breakdown of chemical bonds is made possible by collision of atoms, ions or molecules that continuously moving and colliding with one another also called?
collision theory
the energy required for a chemical reaction
activation energy
are substances which serve as biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without them being permanently altered.
enzymes
each enzyme has a unique surface configuration that enables it to bind to its corresponding substance called?
substrate
what are the mechanism of enzymatic actions?
° active site
° enzyme-substrate
° substrate molecule is transformed either by rearrangement, breakdown or in combination
° transformed substrate molecules are released from the enzyme molecule
° the unchanged enzyme is now free to react with other substrate molecules
the surface of the substrate contacts a specific region of the surface of the enzyme molecule
active site
a temporary intermediate compound forms
enzyme-substrate complex
some of the factors that influence enzymatic activity are?
- temperature
- pH
- substrate concentration
- inhibitors
compete with normal substrate for the active site
competitive inhibitor
Interact with another part of enzyme
non-competitive inhibitor
the process by which non-competitive inhibitors carry out its function, wherein inhibitors bind to parts of the enzyme other than substrate binding site.
allosteric or feedback inhibition
are a type of RNA that serving as catalyst acting specifically on strands of RNA during protein synthesis
Ribozymes
two general aspects of energy production.
oxidation-reduction
mechanisms of ATP generation
is the removal of electron from an atom or molecule in a reaction that produces energy
oxidation
gaining one or more electron
reduction
will release energy that will be trapped by ATP which can then serve as energy source.
oxidation of glucose
the energy released during redox reaction is trapped by ATP within the cell as energy reserve by addition of a phosphate group to ADP in a process called?
phosphorylation
three mechanisms of phosphorylation
- substrate-level phosphorylation
- oxidative phosphorylation
- photophosphorylation
ATP is generated when a high energy P is directly transferred from phosphorylated compound to ADP
substrate-level phosphorylation
electrons are transferred from organic compound to a series of electron carriers in a system called electron transport chain.
oxidative phosphorylation
occurs only in photosynthetic cells which contain chlorophyll that can be converted into ATP in a process involving electron transport chain system
photophosphorylation
light energy trapping pigments
chlorophyll
the most common carbohydrate energy source used by cells
glucose
is the primary source of cellular energy in most microorganisms
oxidation of carbohydrate
energy production from glucose use two processes;
cellular respiration and fermentation
(splitting of sugar) is oxidation of glucose into pyruvic acid that occurs during the first stage of carbohydrate catabolism
glycolysis
also called embden meyerhof pathway
an ATP generating process wherein the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule
cellular respiration
type of cellular respiration
aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration
is done in a process called krebs cycle also called as tricarboxylic cycle or citric acid cycle.
aerobic respiration
it releases ATP from acetyl coA in its every step
krebs cycle
is the resulting complex of acetyl group and coenzyme
acetyl coA
the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than oxygen
anaerobic respiration
generate energy from sugar and other organic molecules such as AMINO ACIDS, ORGANIC ACIDS, PURINES and PYRIMIDINES by not requiring oxygen
fermentation
example of fermentation
lactic acid fermentation
alcohol fermentation
the end product of lactic acid fermentation is?
lactic acid (lactobacillus streptococcus)
end product of alcohol fermentation
ethanol (saccharomyces)
are broken into amino acids by enzymes proteases and peptidases before they can pass thru the plasma membranes
proteins
a process which microorganisms can obtain energy from inorganic substance by converting sunlight energy into chemical energy
photosynthesis
the chemical energy produced will the convert carbon dioxide in atmosphere to sugars
carbon fixation
is a life mechanism on earth to recycle carbon dioxide excreted by other organisms to be used by plants and other microorganisms.
carbon fixation
two stages of photosynthesis
- light-dependent (light) reactions
- light-independent (dark) reactions
uses light energy to generate energy (photophosphorylation)
light-dependent (light) reactions
breakdown of carbon dioxide into sugar using energy generated in the first stage (Calvin-Benson cycle)
light-independent (dark) reactions
metabolic pathways that uses the energy generated by processes
- polysaccharide biosynthesis
- lipid biosynthesis
- amino acid and protein biosynthesis
- purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis
